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Based on published research on modifying the structure of water and water-containing systems, we assess external influence methods: temperature, magnetic field, light radiation, and their combination. We evaluate changes in the electrophysical, photo- and pH-metric biological, therapeutic, and other properties of water systems using non-destructive electrophysical research methods, i.e., thermometry, pH, laser interference, dynamic light scattering, microelectrophoresis, conductivity, surface tension, dielectric constant, polarimetric measurements, atomic force microscopy, and UV and EPR spectroscopy. The effects of temperature or magnetic field lead to a change in the content and size of water clusters, and physicochemical, biological, therapeutic, and other changes in the properties of water and water-containing systems. The combined effect of a magnetic field and curative mud and the impact of magnetised mineral water have a more pronounced therapeutic effect than only mineral water or curative mud. The data presented indirectly indicate structural changes in water and water-containing systems. We conclude that the primary mechanism of action of a magnetic field, light, or a combination of these factors on water and water-containing systems, including mineral water and therapeutic mud, is a change in the structure of water.

Seepage flow through embankment dams and their sub-base is a crucial safety concern that can initiate internal erosion of the structure. The thermometric method of seepage monitoring employs the study of heat transfer characteristics in the soils, as the temperature distribution in earth-filled structures can be influenced by the presence of seepage. Thus, continuous temperature measurements can allow detection of seepage flows. With the recent advances in optical fiber temperature sensor technology, accurate and fast temperature measurements, with relatively high spatial resolution, have been made possible using optical fiber distributed temperature sensors (DTSs). As with any sensor system, to obtain a precise temperature, the DTS measurements need to be calibrated. DTS systems automatically calibrate the measurements using an internal thermometer and reference section. Additionally, manual calibration techniques have been developed which are discussed in this paper. The temperature data do not provide any direct information about the seepage, and this requires further processing and analysis. Several methods have been developed to interpret the temperature data for the localization of the seepage and in some cases to estimate the seepage quantity. An efficient DTS application in seepage monitoring strongly depends on the following factors: installation approach, calibration technique, along with temperature data interpretation and post-processing. This paper reviews the different techniques for calibration of DTS measurements as well as the methods of interpretation of the temperature data. Tento článek shrnuje různé techniky pro kalibraci měření DTS

Seepage is the key factor in the safety of dikes and earthfill dams. It is crucial to identify and localize the seepage excesses at the early stages before it initiates the internal erosion process in the structure. A proper seepage monitoring system should ensure a continuous and wide area seepage measurement. Here, continuous monitoring of seepage at the laboratoryscale is achieved by a passive optical fiber Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) system. An experimental model was designed which consists of initially unsaturated sand model, water supply, seepage outflow, optical fiber DTS system, and water and air temperature measurement. Initially, the sand temperature was higher than the temperature of the seepage water. An optical fiber DTS system was employed with a hightemperature resolution, short sampling intervals and short time intervals for temperature monitoring in the sand model. In the system, the small variation in the temperature due to groundwater flow was detected. The numerical analysis was conducted for both the seepage process and the heat transfer progression in the sand model. The results of the heat flow simulation were evaluated and compared with the measured temperature by the optical fiber DTS. Obvious temperature reduction was obtained due to seepage propagation in the sand. The rate of temperature reduction was observed to be dependent on the seepage flow velocity. Proudění je klíčovým faktorem bezpečnosti hráze a přehradních nádrží. Je velmi důležité identifikovat a lokalizovat excesy prosakování v raných stádiích před tím, než zahájí proces vnitřní eroze. Řádný systém monitorování prosakování by měl zajistit nepřetržité měření prosakování - v laboratorním měřítku pomocí pasivního optického vlákna distribuovaného snímání teploty (DTS). Experimentální model byl sestaven z původně nenasyceného pískového modelu, přívodu vody, odtoku, systém optických vláken DTS a měření teploty vody a vzduchu. Zpočátku byla teplota písku vyšší, než teplota protékající vody. Systém optických vláken DTS byl použit s vysokým teplotním rozlišením, krátkými intervaly odběru vzorků a krátkým časem intervalů pro sledování teploty v pískovém modelu. Numerická analýza byla provedena pro jak prosakovací proces, tak i postup přenosu tepla v pískovém modelu. Výsledky simulace tepelného toku byly vyhodnoceny a porovnány s naměřenou teplotou pomocí optického vlákna DTS. Zřejmé snížení teploty bylo dosaženo díky prosakování v písku. Bylo pozorováno, že rychlost snižování teploty je závislá na rychlosti prosakovacího proudu.