Search

Monitoring animal welfare on farms and in research settings is attracting increasing interest, both for ethical reasons and for improving productivity through the early detection of stress or diseases. In contrast to video-based monitoring, which requires good light conditions and has difficulty tracking specific animals, recent advances in the miniaturization of wearable devices allow for the collection of acceleration and location data to track individual animal behavior. However, for broilers, there are several challenges to address when using wearables, such as coping with (i) the large numbers of chickens in commercial farms,(ii)the impact of their rapid growth, and (iii) the small weights that the devices must have to be carried by the chickens without any impact on their health or behavior. To this end, this paper describes a pilot study in which chickens were fitted with devices containing an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and an Ultra-Wideband (UWB) sensor. To establish guidelines for practitioners who want to monitor broiler welfare and activity at different scales, we first compare the attachment methods of the wearables to the broiler chickens, taking into account their effectiveness (in terms of retention time) and their impact on the broiler's welfare. Then, we establish the technical requirements to carry out such a study, and the challenges that may arise. This analysis involves aspects such as noise estimation, synergy between UWB and IMU, and the measurement of activity levels based on the monitoring of chicken activity. We show that IMU data can be used for detecting activity level differences between individual animals and environmental conditions. UWB data can be used to monitor the positions and movement patterns of up to 200 animals simultaneously with an accuracy of less than 20 cm. We also show that the accuracy depends on installation aspects and that errors are larger at the borders of the monitored area. Attachment with sutures had the longest mean retention of 19.5 days, whereas eyelash glue had the shortest mean retention of 3 days. To conclude the paper, we identify current challenges and future research lines in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In experimental research, animal welfare should always be of the highest priority. Currently, physical in-person observations are the standard. This is time-consuming, and results are subjective. Video-based machine learning models for monitoring experimental pigs provide a continuous and objective observation method for animal misthriving detection. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a pig tracking technology, using video-based data in a machine learning model to analyze the posture and activity level of experimental pigs living in single-pig pens. A research prototype was created using a microcomputer and a ceiling-mounted camera for live recording based on the obtained images from the experimental facility, and a combined model was created based on the Ultralytics YOLOv8n for object detection trained on the obtained images. As a second step, the Lucas–Kanade sparse optical flow technique for movement detection was applied. The resulting model successfully classified whether individual pigs were lying, standing, or walking. The validation test showed an accuracy of 90.66%, precision of 90.91%, recall of 90.66%, and correlation coefficient of 84.53% compared with observed ground truth. In conclusion, the model demonstrates how machine learning can be used to monitor experimental animals to potentially improve animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endomysial antibody (EMA) immunofluorescent test is a highly specific method to detect disease-specific autoantibodies in celiac disease (CD) by their binding to natural transglutaminase-2 autoantigen in tissue sections, and it is used as a compulsory confirmatory test in the non-invasive diagnosis of CD. The classical EMA substrates are the monkey esophagus and the human umbilical cord. It is increasingly difficult to use these tissues due to ethical concerns and animal welfare regulations. In this study, we developed, in cell culture, an endomysium-type extracellular biomatrix assembled by human umbilical cord vein-derived endothelial cells which binds CD antibodies in a similar pattern as monkey esophagus and has similar macromolecular composition. Evaluating retrospectively and prospectively tested patient cohorts, including 130 CD cases and 105 non-celiac controls, IgA-class celiac antibody detection on the biomatrix was equally specific (100%) as EMA testing on tissues, and had higher sensitivity (95.6% versus 91.2%). Both EMA tests were less sensitive, but more specific than transglutaminase-based ELISA measurements. The decellularization of the biomatrix improved sensitivity, enabled the detection of IgG-class celiac antibodies, and allowed for simple reading without previous training. This easily available cell-assembled biomatrix substrate may replace substrate tissues in diagnostic EMA testing in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study reviews targeted therapies in veterinary medicine, focusing on how specific treatments can improve animal care by addressing the underlying causes of disease. The research highlights the role of genetics, environment, and other factors that influence the effectiveness of treatments in different species, with the main aim of exploring how individual differences—such as genetic and environmental factors—affect an animal's response to therapies. By understanding these variations, veterinarians can formulate individualised treatment plans to ensure optimal outcomes. The study highlights the importance of comparing the responses of different species to therapies, helping to identify potential risks and benefits. This knowledge will help to refine treatment strategies and ensure the safety and efficacy of therapies for different animal populations. The results highlight the need for further research to improve our understanding of the interplay between biology and environment in determining therapeutic success. The knowledge gained from this research could contribute to the advancement of veterinary medicine, the promotion of animal health, and the development of new opportunities for the creation of more targeted therapies that benefit both animals and humans, thus improving overall healthcare. This literature review explores the impact of molecular, genetic, and environmental factors on the efficacy of targeted therapies in veterinary medicine. Relevant studies were identified through systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect using keywords such as "species-specific treatment strategies", "signalling pathways", "epigenetic and paragenetic influences", "targeted therapies", "veterinary medicine", "genetic variation", and "free radicals and oxidative stress". Inclusion criteria included studies focusing on species-specific therapeutic responses, genetic influences, and oxidative stress. To ensure that only the most recent and relevant evidence was included, only peer-reviewed publications from the last two decades were considered. Each study selected for analysis was critically appraised, with a particular emphasis on methodological quality, experimental design, and scientific contribution to the understanding of how environmental and biological factors influence therapeutic outcomes. A special emphasis was placed on studies that used a comparative, cross-species approach to assess variability in therapeutic responses and potential adverse effects. The review synthesises evidence on the role of epigenetic and paragenetic factors and highlights the importance of cross-species studies to understand how environmental and biological factors influence treatment outcomes. By highlighting genetic variation, oxidative stress, and individual species differences, the review argues for personalised and species-specific therapeutic approaches. The review emphasises that such an approach would improve veterinary care and inform future research aimed at optimising targeted therapies, ultimately leading to better animal health and treatment efficacy. A key contribution of the review is its emphasis on the need for more personalised treatment protocols that take into account individual genetic profiles and environmental factors; it also calls for a greater integration of cross-species studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We cannot know if crustaceans feel pain, but recent experimental studies suggest that it is a possibility. Crustacean responses to noxious stimuli show many of the traits seen in vertebrates. This has led to changes in the way these animals are perceived, and several key animal welfare groups have pushed for their protection. They have been recognised recently as being sentient in UK law, but that has not changed the legality of various treatments. There is, however, a consideration in progress about their use in science but not commercial practises. Nevertheless, major retailers have made demands of their suppliers to alter how these animals are treated in rearing and processing, including slaughter, and there has been research into methods that might increase the welfare of the billions of these animals consumed by humans each year. Early discussions about possible pain in crustaceans often comprised speculation and anecdotes. Experiments to investigate pain took guidance from these early debates, and from studies on other taxa. Many experiments provided data that are consistent with the idea of pain. However, that does not mean that pain has been proved, but they open the possibility. With each study that is consistent with pain being felt, the probability increases, but we will probably never have conclusive proof. Some responses appear to be nociceptive reflexes; however, they at least indicate that the animal responds to stimuli such as tissue damage, heat, acid, alkaline, or electric shock. The data are said to be consistent with pain only if they cannot be explained by reflexes. These studies have encouraged various organisations to improve the welfare of crustaceans, e.g., PETA, Crustacean Compassion, RSPCA, British Veterinary Association, UFAW, and HSA. They also formed much of the evidence included in the highly influential review of sentience for the UK government that resulted in the inclusion of decapod crustaceans in the Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022. This recognises that decapod crustaceans are sentient. By contrast, the New York Declaration recognises there is a possibility of sentience. Others have argued against the idea of pain in crustaceans. Nevertheless, the 2022 Act provided an impetus to groups that campaign for improved welfare. Some UK retailers now require improved slaughter techniques for the shrimp/prawn they sell, and electrical stunning is the preferred slaughter method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Stereotypic behavior could provide valuable insights into the stress and welfare of animals in captivity. This study focuses on sun bears as the focal subjects and is the first to correlate the structural characteristics of intestinal flora with stereotyped behavior for endangered species under ex situ conservation conditions. Significant correlations were found between the occurrence frequency of pacing behavior, one typical type of stereotypical behavior, and the abundance of certain gut microbiota at both the phylum and genus levels. It suggests the intestinal flora may interact with stress-related behaviors in captive sun bears, which has important implications for the scientific conservation of endangered species. Integrative conservation research on animal behavior and nutritional health can contribute to the ex situ conservation of endangered species. Stereotypic behavior, a repetitive behavior without practical function, is associated with animal welfare in its manner and frequency for captive animals. Exploring the potential relationship between stereotypic behavior and internal factors, such as intestinal flora, could improve ex situ conservation, especially for endangered species. In this study, we analyzed the typical behavior characteristics of the endangered sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) under captive conditions based on the behavior sampling method. The seasonal and annual changes in the intestinal flora of H. malayanus in captivity were studied by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology based on non-invasive fecal sample collection. This study provides the first evidence of a potential association between the gut microbiota and stereotypic behavior characteristics of captive H. malayanus. The results can significantly improve our understanding of the stereotypical behavior of H. malayanus in captivity and contribute to the captive breeding and conservation efforts of this endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: India, the leading producer and consumer of milk, houses nearly a third of the world's cattle, making the examination of these animals' welfare essential. The humans' treatment of an animal is an important determinant of their welfare, and in the case of India, is capable of being shaped by the religiously and financially influenced widespread ban on the slaughter of cows. Against this background, this research aims to evaluate the welfare state of the Indian dairy cattle by analyzing their welfare at various life phases. The results demonstrate an overall compromised welfare state in the animals, followed by a further deterioration in the welfare once the animal is no longer productive. The results signify the role religious values, legislation, and the animal's economic utility play in the humans' treatment of the bovines. This study highlights the largely ignored albeit crucial role of the culturally shaped human influences on dairy husbandry and creates grounds for studying human–cattle relationships through interdisciplinary lenses to generate culturally viable solutions to improve cattle welfare and promote a sustainable inter-species coexistence. India, the leading producer and consumer of milk, houses 307 million cattle, nearly a third of the world's total. A ban on cow slaughter exists in the majority of the Indian states. Intricately interweaved with the disputable yet publicly acknowledged sentiment of the cow's sacrality, and with the animal's utility value, the ban is capable of influencing the humans' treatment of the dairy animals. Against this background, this research aims to evaluate the welfare state of the Indian dairy bovines by analyzing their welfare at various life phases using the Five Freedoms framework. A scoping review of the relevant published studies that met all inclusion criteria was conducted using bibliographic databases Google Scholar, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Data were extracted and organized using Microsoft Excel, version 22H2. The literature reviewed demonstrates a loss of one or more freedoms in multiple phases of the bovines' productive lives, and a parallel loss of two or more freedoms in their post-productive lives; indicating the role of religious values, legislation, and the animal's economic utility in their treatment. This study highlights the role of culturally shaped human influences on dairy husbandry and creates grounds for studying human–bovine relationships through interdisciplinary lenses to generate culturally viable solutions to improve cattle welfare and promote a sustainable inter-species coexistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Livestock husbandry procedures inflict long-term pain and inflammation, with implications for animal welfare and production. Current formulations of pain relief available to livestock producers, including topical anaesthetics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are limited in their duration of action, only lasting 24–72 h. The ad libitum administration of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, meloxicam, orally via a medicated lick block is a novel concept that may enable pre-emptive and long-term analgesia to be established and maintained in a manner that is practical for livestock producers. This novel delivery system was evaluated against conventional subcutaneous meloxicam in surgically castrated calves. Results showed that therapeutic concentrations of meloxicam were established in calves fed medicated lick blocks; however, concentrations were highly variable between individuals. The administration of meloxicam by this method improved wound healing scores. Meloxicam, regardless of administration method, improved some behavioural outcomes following surgical castration. The results of this study highlight the complexities of assessing and addressing pain in cattle. If shown to be safe, medicated lick blocks could be a feasible option for providing improved pain relief to cattle, leading to advancements in animal welfare. The self-administration of meloxicam via medicated feed is a novel concept that could enable non-invasive, pre-emptive and long-term analgesia. Forty Bos taurus male calves were randomly allocated to four treatment groups: no castration (PC), surgical castration (NC), surgical castration with subcutaneous meloxicam (M), and surgical castration with medicated lick blocks (ML). Data collection occurred at various timepoints over 13 days following treatment. Plasma concentration of meloxicam was greater in ML compared to M calves at all timepoints except day 1 (p < 0.001); however, variation between ML individuals was high (standard deviation = 1.68). There was no effect of treatment on scrotal diameter or scrotal temperature. Wound morphology scores were improved in ML compared to NC calves. Eating observations were greater in ML calves immediately post-castration, followed by M calves at 3 h post-castration (p < 0.001). ML calves were observed locomoting more (p = 0.0032) and lying less (p < 0.001) than PC calves. These findings indicate that meloxicam-medicated lick blocks may provide a practical option for a longer duration of pain mitigation for surgically castrated calves. Conclusions are limited by the complexities of assessing pain in cattle, and further research into the toxicity effects of continued administration of meloxicam is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study focuses on minimising stress and discomfort in laboratory minipigs during blood sampling procedures. We assessed three methods for jugular vein blood sampling: two methods that require restraint (the V-bench and the sling), and clicker training, where the pigs are trained to voluntarily cooperate during the procedure. The goal was to evaluate how these methods impact animal welfare and recommend the best approach. The study examined the effects of simulated blood sampling in the V-bench and the sling on behaviour, heart rate, and saliva cortisol levels 15 min after sampling. Overall, the sling method showed fewer negative effects on the animals compared to the V-bench. Clicker training allowed three animals to voluntarily cooperate; however, we firmly believe all six could have succeeded in a better training setup. In summary, clicker training results in blood sampling with no negative behaviours such as struggling or squealing/screaming. When restraint is unavoidable, the sling is a better alternative to the V-bench. By identifying methods that allow animals to voluntarily cooperate, a higher standard for animal care is made available, improving both the lives of animals and the quality of data obtained for scientific and medical purposes. Blood sampling often requires restraint that negatively affects animal welfare. This case study evaluated three methods for jugular vein blood sampling (V-bench, sling, and clicker training) with the overall aim of assessing the negative impact on animal welfare and providing a general recommendation on the use of methods. First, the effects of simulated blood sampling in V-bench and sling on behaviour, heart rate, and saliva cortisol concentrations 15 min after sampling were assessed. The sling (which had the least negative effects) was re-evaluated after one week of habituation to assess a possible positive effect. Clicker training was evaluated using behavioural observations only. The heart rate was significantly higher in animals placed in the V-bench compared to the sling (p < 0.05), but no significant differences were found in the saliva cortisol concentrations. Habituation to the sling resulted in a further reduction in heart rate compared to the V-bench (p < 0.01). When trained to voluntarily cooperate, three out of six minipigs allowed blood sampling from the jugular vein without restraint. We are convinced that all six minipigs would have succeeded if the training environment had been optimised. In conclusion, clicker training results in blood sampling with no negative behaviours displayed such as struggling or squealing/screaming. When restraint is unavoidable, the sling is preferable compared to the V-bench. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In the laying hen industry, male chicks are typically killed after hatching because they have no economic value. This study developed a low-cost method to predict chick embryo sex before hatching by using a smartphone-based imaging device and machine learning to analyze the shape and size of eggs. The method achieved up to 88.9% accuracy, demonstrating its potential to replace male chick culling by identifying and removing male embryos before they can feel pain. If scaled up, this innovation could greatly reduce the number of male chicks killed each year, improving ethical and sustainable practices in the laying hen industry. The routine culling of male chicks in the laying hen industry raises significant ethical, animal welfare, and sustainability concerns. Current methods to determine chick embryo sex before hatching are costly, time-consuming, and invasive. This study aimed to develop a low-cost, non-invasive solution to predict chick embryo sex before hatching using the morphological features of eggs. A custom imaging apparatus was created using a smartphone and light box, enabling consistent image capture of chicken eggs. Egg length, width, area, eccentricity, and extent were measured, and machine learning models were trained to predict chick embryo sex. The wide neural network model achieved the highest accuracy of 88.9% with a mean accuracy of 81.5%. Comparison of the imaging apparatus to a high-cost industrial 3D scanner demonstrated comparable accuracy in capturing egg morphology. The findings suggest that this method can contribute to the prevention of up to 6.2 billion male chicks from being culled annually by destroying male embryos before they develop the capacity to feel pain. This approach offers a feasible, ethical, and scalable alternative to current practices, with potential for further improvements in accuracy and adaptability to different industry settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Transport stress prior to slaughter frequently induces a stress response, compromising meat quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary potassium magnesium sulphate (PMS) supplementation during the fattening stage on the stress response and meat quality in finishing pigs subjected to a transport challenge prior to slaughter. Our findings indicate that while dietary PMS supplementation did not affect growth performance during the fattening period, it significantly enhanced antioxidant capacity and meat quality. In the transportation model, PMS supplementation significantly improved the antioxidant capacity, stress response and meat quality of finishing pigs. These results suggest potential applications of PMS in the livestock industry to enhance animal welfare and meat quality. Transport stress prior to slaughter frequently induces a stress response, negatively affecting meat quality. This study investigated the impact of dietary potassium magnesium sulphate (PMS) supplementation during the fattening stage on the stress response and meat quality in finishing pigs subjected to transport stress. The experiment involved two phases. Initially, 48 finishing pigs (68.00 ± 0.40 kg) were randomly allocated into two groups: a control group receiving a basal diet (CON) and a PMS-supplemented group receiving the basal diet with 0.50% PMS. Each group was housed in six pens, with four pigs per pen. After 60 days of feeding, in the second phase, two pigs from each pen were randomly selected for slaughter, with one pig subjected to a 4 h transportation stress prior to slaughter. Pigs were categorized into four treatment groups based on diet and stress: (1) control without transport stress, (2) control with transport stress, (3) PMS-supplemented without transport stress, and (4) PMS-supplemented with transport stress. Serum, jejunum, and longissimus thoracis muscle (LM) samples were collected. The results indicated that dietary PMS supplementation did not significantly affect growth performance during the fattening stage (p > 0.05). However, following transport, the PMS pigs showed a reduction in norepinephrine and cortisol concentrations (p = 0.09, p < 0.05) and a significant increase in serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, PMS supplementation significantly increased serum catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p < 0.05), while significantly reducing cholesterol (CHO) levels (p < 0.05). Transport stress adversely affected the intestinal health of finishing pigs, as evidenced by a decrease in intestinal villus height (0.05 < p < 0.1), a condition ameliorated by PMS supplementation. Additionally, transported pigs exhibited a higher drip loss24h in LM (p < 0.05), which was also alleviated through PMS supplementation. In conclusion, PMS supplementation mitigates transport stress and improves meat quality in finishing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Evaluating health and welfare is important for improving veterinary care. One promising method is the Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay. This method involves assessing DNA damage in cells collected painlessly from the inside of an animal's mouth as a marker of disease. Although widely used in humans, BMCyt has rarely been studied in animals. In this work, we optimized and described the use of the BMCyt method in dogs, testing samples from a breeding kennel. Dogs presented genetic damage markers similar to those in humans but at a different frequency. Technical challenges, like improving sample collection and processing, were addressed. Our findings support the potential development of BMCyt assays in dogs as biomarkers of disease. In Europe, there is a growing concern for animal welfare, encompassing both their rights and health. Consequently, identifying biomarkers that predict serious pathological conditions has become crucial in veterinary medicine. The Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay is a minimally invasive method that uses biomarkers to evaluate DNA damage and chromosomal instability, using exfoliated buccal cells. A rising frequency of anomalies, such as micronuclei formation, strongly indicates an elevated risk of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, or accelerated aging, potentially originating from exposure to genotoxins and cytotoxins. This method has been validated in humans, but very little research has been conducted on animals. This work aims to provide a detailed description of an optimized method for collecting buccal exfoliated cells in dogs and to characterize a biomarker related to genomic damage using optical and fluorescent microscopy. Samples from dogs in breeding kennels, including pregnant animals, were tested for chromosomal instability. By following procedures similar to those used in humans, we were able to detect and count major nuclear abnormalities. The percentage of micronuclei was higher compared to other studies. Technical aspects, such as avoiding artifacts and ensuring prior training of the operator, must be taken into account. This work validated the BMCyt method for collecting and processing samples in dogs, potentially enhancing the understanding of micronuclei as biomarkers for pre-pathological states in canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: As an animal-based measure, signs of inflammation and necrosis in pigs (SINS) can be recorded easily, early in life and non-invasively. The present study confirms the good diagnostic applicability of SINS in practice, provides a first overview of the occurrence of the syndrome on Dutch farms and indicates underlying causes that can guide farmers, nutritionists and veterinarians to implement strategies to improve animal health and welfare. Ensuring animal health and well-being requires animal-based measures for early and direct intervention at the point of care. Insight into the pathophysiology of Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome (SINS) has led to a non-invasive, clinical scoring system that can be used in daily practice. This provides information on the cause of observed lesions for direct intervention in affected herds. The aim of the current study was to re-evaluate the practicality of the SINS scoring system under field conditions. In addition, this is the first study to provide insight into the prevalence of SINS on Dutch farms. This study involved the scoring of 5958 piglets from 20 visits on 13 farms randomly selected by a veterinary practice in the Netherlands. The results showed that up to 64.1% of the piglets had visible inflammatory alterations in different body parts within the first seven days of life. Sow rectal temperature, signs of coprostasis and water intake during pregnancy were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) correlated with the prevalence of SINS in piglets. In conclusion, the SINS scoring system is an easy-to-use, non-invasive diagnostic tool that summarises animal-based observations at the point of care, providing a valuable communication tool between farmers, nutritionists and veterinarians in their efforts to improve animal health and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study explored how the body condition of Sarda dairy sheep affects their reproductive performance in spring, focusing on the benefits of a natural technique called the male effect, which induces ovulation without exogeneous hormones. The research involved 200 healthy sheep (aged 3–5 years) grouped by their body condition score. Sheep with a higher body condition score (3.0–3.5) showed higher fertility, lambed earlier, and performed better overall than those with lower body condition scores (2.0–2.5). Blood tests revealed that sheep in good condition had healthier levels of glucose, cholesterol, and other indicators. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining an optimal body condition through proper nutrition to improve sheep welfare and reproductive success without relying on hormonal treatments. This approach can support more sustainable and ethical farming practices, while helping farmers optimize productivity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and reproductive recovery in Sarda dairy breed ewes, as well as its association with some hematochemical parameters, focusing on the male effect as a method to induce out-of-season ovulation. The male effect is commonly used in sheep farming as an alternative to hormonal treatments, but its success can be influenced by factors such as BCS. In this experiment, 200 healthy lactating ewes (aged 3–5 years) were divided into four groups based on BCS (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5). BCS was measured on a 1–5 scale by touching the amounts of muscling and fat deposition in the loin region. On 15 May, 10 rams of proven fertility were introduced, and removed 50 days later. Blood samples were collected at days 15, 30, and 50 for glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, and albumin analysis, along with BCS evaluations. Lambing dates, fertility rates, litter size, and the time from ram introduction to lambing were recorded. The results showed that ewes with a higher BCS (3.0 and 3.5) had improved fertility rates, earlier lambing, and a better overall reproductive performance compared to ewes with a lower BCS (2.0 and 2.5). Higher BCS groups also exhibited higher levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. The study concluded that a BCS of 3.0 is optimal for reproductive efficiency in Sarda ewes during the male effect in spring, promoting better reproductive outcomes and animal welfare without the need for hormonal treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Animal welfare is a primary concern within the development of livestock farming and animal health is one of the major issues it refers to. It is possible for organisms to be protected against many diseases due to the proper functioning of the immune system. Oxidative stress can cause damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids in cells. Consequently, it can lead to cell and tissue damage. Natural and easy-to-produce supplements are increasingly used in farming. We hypothesized that polyphenols influence oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze the effect of supplementation with a dried turmeric and rosemary extract mixture on the oxidative stress markers in the blood serum of young castrated bucks of the Polish White Improved (PWI) breed. We suggest that supplementation effectively enhanced antioxidant defenses without adversely affecting liver enzyme activities: a favorable biochemical response. However, further studies are needed to determine the effect of different doses of the dry turmeric–rosemary mixture. Background: Due to their versatility, goats are becoming popular as livestock on commercial farms. To obtain a high productivity, the maintenance of homeostasis in these organisms is needed. Some supplements that could help improve their health state have been tested recently. The study examines the effects of a turmeric–rosemary extract mixture on the antioxidant status of the blood of young castrated bucks. Results: Supplementation lowered lipoperoxidation and increased TAC, probably due to the improved neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by enhanced antioxidant pathways. Despite lowering lipid peroxidation, these products can increase protein oxidation. Thus, while enhancing lipid defense mechanisms may reduce lipid peroxidation, it may also increase the level of OMP, probably due to the accumulation of lipid peroxidation metabolites. The activities of SOD, GPx, and GR remained unchanged, whereas CAT activity decreased. CP, ALT, and AST remained stable, suggesting no adverse effects on key markers of liver function. Conclusions: The high antioxidant potential observed after supplementation indicates that the turmeric–rosemary extract mixture elicited a favorable biochemical response; the supplemented compounds effectively enhanced antioxidant defenses (by improving the neutralization of ROS) without negatively affecting liver enzyme activities. Turmeric–rosemary dry extract supplementation can help with homeostasis maintenance in goat organisms and, consequently, improve their productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Domestic cattle have been a significant part of Iranian agriculture since at least the early-to-mid sixth millennium BCE. Farmers traditionally follow some animal welfare practices, which mainly focus on treating animals with respect and avoiding practices such as tail docking or tethering. However, intensive dairy farming has been present for a shorter period of time, yet there have been no systematic assessments of animal welfare in this non-traditional farming industry. Exploiting current welfare protocols and studies in Europe, New Zealand, and North America, this project aimed to design a welfare assessment protocol that can be suitable for Iranian intensive dairy farming and used it to assess cattle welfare on 62 farms. Although a one-time welfare assessment is not reflective of the actual welfare of the cows, this study aimed to create baseline data for Iran and other countries with similar farming systems. These results show some areas of welfare, such as nutrition management, are managed well on Iranian dairy farms, but there are areas that need more attention, such as lameness management, hock health, and tail damage. Overall, our results indicate that Iranian dairy farmers would hugely benefit from more education regarding dairy cattle welfare. Dairy cow welfare can impact both the economic performance of an individual farm and the public perception of the sector, thus influencing the sustainability of the dairy farming industry. Intensive dairy farming in Iran started in the 1940s, but there is limited data available regarding dairy cattle welfare in the country. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design and use a comprehensive bespoke welfare assessment protocol in intensive Iranian dairy farms to provide baseline data for Iran and other countries with similar farming systems. The protocol consists of animal-based, stockperson-based, and resource-based measures. The first part of the welfare assessment protocol (being presented in this paper) was developed from the existing literature and contained 11 animal-based and 2 stockmanship measures. The protocol was applied in 62 intensive dairy cattle farms in five arid and semi-arid provinces of Iran. Welfare Quality sample size suggestions were used to reach the minimum sample size for all animal-based measures except for the locomotion score, where either the whole milking herd was scored or all cows in the early lactation (<150 days in milk) group. Results show that there was a good focus on nutrition management on the farms. Lameness prevalence and the incidence of hock lesions were too high, although within the range seen in many housed cows outside Iran. In addition, 13.5% of cows had damaged ears. The prevalence of dirty legs was high (≥80% of cows), and the hygiene score was unrelated to the farming system. Finally, the extremely high median prevalence of tail damage (60%) indicates a significant welfare issue that needs to be addressed with urgency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Animal harm during childhood and adolescence can be influenced by various personal and social factors. This study worked with RSPCA staff to update and improve the 'Breaking the Chain' programme, which aims to prevent animal harm by young people. Interviews with 16 RSPCA employees suggested the programme target two main groups, primary school children and high-risk youth, with a preference for in-person school sessions supported by online resources. Participants favoured keeping the programme's core topics of sentience and animal welfare, appropriate behaviours, and triggers and consequences of animal harm, while updating resources to address modern challenges such as online animal harm and peer pressure, and ensuring the content is accessible for children with different learning needs, including neurodiverse children. Evaluating the programme's short-term and long-term success is key. The next steps include involving young people in the programme's development and addressing practical challenges like referral systems and programme delivery. Childhood and Adolescent Animal Harm (CAAH) is influenced by biological, psychological and socio-environmental risk factors. Interventions to prevent animal harm among children and young people are essential for fostering empathy and reducing future harm. This study explores the perspectives of RSPCA stakeholders, to co-produce a redeveloped version of 'Breaking the Chain', an intervention addressing youth animal harm. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 RSPCA employees across a range of departments and geographical locations in England, UK. Thematic analysis was used to identify key insights on target groups, intervention content, delivery methods, and evaluation strategies. Two primary target groups were identified: universal audiences (primary school-aged children) and high-risk youth. Participants advocated for retaining the core content of the existing intervention while modernising resources to address contemporary risk factors, such as online exposure to animal harm while ensuring accessibility for neurodiverse audiences. Face-to-face delivery was favoured, complemented by digital resources. Evaluation was viewed as critical, with a focus on both short-term outcomes and long-term impact. This study highlights the importance of stakeholder involvement in co-producing effective cruelty prevention interventions. Future steps will involve a coproduction study with children and young people to gather their perspectives on the intervention redesign. This will be followed by a pilot and evaluation of the redesigned intervention, incorporating feedback from both the implementers (e.g., teachers, youth offending teams, RSPCA employees) and the recipients (children and young people). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: New approaches focusing on non-invasive techniques for measuring animals' body temperatures are very important from the perspective of animal welfare. Dromedary camels possess a wider thermo-neutral zone due to their morpho-physiological adaptability. We aimed to measure the superficial skin temperature of camels' flanks and eyes using infra-red thermography and its link with environmental and animal-related factors. A total of 510 dromedary camels of both sexes with different physiological states and ages were assessed. While the camels' flank temperatures were not affected by age, sex, or physiological status, their eye temperatures were significantly associated with their physiological status, with pregnant camels showing the lowest value. The results showed that eye temperature and flank temperature were associated with environmental temperature and humidity (p < 0.001) but not with light intensity. Notably, a 10% increase in humidity resulted in a decrease of approximately 0.727 °C in eye and 1.564 °C in flank temperature, reflecting a more pronounced response of the flank temperature. Our findings suggest that camel's eye and flank temperatures recorded using infra-red thermography could be a useful indicator of thermal stress in dromedary camels. Their response is different from other animals, likely due to the unique physiological factors of this species. Further studies are needed to confirm whether infra-red thermography could help to identify camels at risk of heat stress, allowing for timely management interventions. Heat stress represents significant challenges for livestock, adversely affecting their production, reproduction, and overall welfare. This study aimed to explore the interrelationships between environmental and animal-related factors and the flank temperature (FT) and eye temperature (ET) recorded using IRT in dromedary camels. This study was conducted in the Cholistan Desert in 2023, and IRT images of the eyes and flanks were captured from 510 camels across 54 herds. During the image analyses, pictures taken from 499 camels were of good quality and included. The camels were of both sexes and of various ages (minimum 3 years, pubertal and adult stages), and they had diverse physiological statuses (breeding, immature, lactating, non-lactating, and pregnant). Before taking the IRT pictures, ambient temperature and humidity were registered using a weather station, and light intensity was recorded using a lux meter. The ET was associated only with physiological status (p < 0.05), with pregnant females showing the lowest values, while no effects of physiological status, sex, or age were found for FT. The environmental temperature showed a positive correlation with both ET (r = 0.7887) and FT (r = 0.6280), highlighting the sensitivity of camel thermoregulation to temperature fluctuations. As expected, a strong positive correlation between ET and FT (r = 0.6643) was found. Conversely, a significant negative correlation was observed between humidity and ET (−0.7444) and FT (−0.5519), indicating that higher humidity levels lead to decreased temperatures in both regions. Light intensity (lux) exhibited minimal influence on both temperatures, with correlations of 0.1019 for ET and 0.2650 for FT. This study contributes to the field of precision livestock farming by suggesting a possible application of IRT for detecting thermal stress in camels in pastoral settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In the Italian livestock scenario, the ClassyFarm platform (CFp) has been activated to help farmers, farm veterinarians, and public veterinary services to assess livestock farms' biosecurity and welfare through a risk evaluation. Data for self-monitoring purposes can be added into the platform. This study aimed to analyse the ClassyFarm rating system's application in the Marche Region, Central Italy. Traditionally, this region is characterised by both intensive and traditional/extensive breeding, often with familial management. Seven fattening and eighteen cow–calf line farms (a total of twenty-five farms) were taken into consideration. Utilising checklists of the CFp, these farms were visited and evaluated. All the livestock farms received the lowest rating for biosecurity, in line with the national average, and the highest scores for animal welfare. This project highlighted the peculiarities of the rearing systems in the Marche Region, valorising the usefulness of the CFp in the regional livestock scenario. In Italy, the livestock sector is facing a crucial transformation phase towards a production system able to guarantee a high standard of health and animal welfare. With this aim, the ClassyFarm platform (CFp) has been activated by the Italian Ministry of Health, with a prominent role for farm veterinarians, who are responsible for the livestock farms' evaluation and the entering of data for self-monitoring purposes into the information system. This work aimed to analyse the application of CFp in the biosecurity and animal welfare areas in twenty-five beef cattle farms of the Marche Region, Central Italy, using the checklists provided by the platform itself. The results, expressed in percentages, were compared with the national averages. The percentages of the animal welfare assessment, which were higher than the national average, are likely the result of improved management and a broad understanding of these indicators based on animal observations. At the same time, the biosecurity area, in line with the national average, resulted in much lower percentages, leading to the assessment that some farming areas should definitely be improved. This result reflects the non-intensive and family-run breeding type of breeding typical of this region, characterised by particular attention to animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Free-range systems are among the most important factors affecting animal health and welfare, with free-range systems offering more opportunities for animals to perform a wide range of behaviors. This study shows that free-range systems not only improve muscle fiber characteristics in geese but also significantly improve their welfare, including feather cleanliness, gait, and natural behavior. In addition, geese raised in free-range environments exhibited healthier growth and development than those raised in closed systems. These findings provide important insights for optimizing free-range farming methods and establishing a foundation for future research on enhancing poultry farming through improved animal welfare and meat quality. Recently, free-range poultry production has increased with notable benefits for animal welfare and meat quality traits. Geese, the third-most productive poultry species, have not been studied extensively. This study investigated the effects of different free-range systems on muscle fiber characteristics and welfare status (feather quality, walking ability, and behavioral changes) in Yangzhou geese. A total of 180 male geese, aged 28 days, were randomly assigned to either a long-distance pasture system (LDPS, approximately 200 m from the geese house) or a short-distance pasture system (SDPS, approximately 50 m from the geese house). The indoor system (IS) treatment was used as a control. And all geese were equipped with pedometers. Daily step counts revealed that the geese took an average of 5777 and 4520 steps in the LDPS and SDPS, respectively, whereas only 2736 steps in the IS. Although no significant differences were observed in the muscle fiber types among the three systems, free-range systems contributed to more developed muscle fibers than the IS. In addition, thicker muscle fibers in the extensor digitorum longus and gastrocnemius muscles were observed in the LDPS group than in the SDPS group. Additionally, feather cleanliness and damage were evaluated. LDPS resulted in significantly cleaner feathers on the chest, abdomen, and back than the IS. Furthermore, geese in the free-range systems had less feather damage than those in the IS. Notably, pasture systems allowed for natural behaviors, such as single-foot standing, feather pecking, and walking, regardless of grazing distance. Taken together, these results show that the muscle fibers of geese in the free-range system were more developed. Simultaneously, increasing the amount of exercise for geese will improve their welfare, which is beneficial to their health, growth, and development, and provides a technical reference for the free-range breeding system for geese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resting postures of piglets are crucial indicators for assessing their health status and environmental comfort. This study proposes a resting posture recognition method for piglets during lactation based on the PPR-YOLO model, aiming to enhance the detection accuracy and classification capability for different piglet resting postures. Firstly, to address the issue of numerous sows and piglets in the farrowing house that easily occlude each other, an image edge detection algorithm is employed to precisely locate the sow's farrowing bed area. By cropping the images, irrelevant background interference is reduced, thereby enhancing the model's recognition accuracy. Secondly, to overcome the limitations of the YOLOv11 model in fine feature extraction and small object detection, improvements are made, resulting in the proposed PPR-YOLO model. Specific enhancements include the introduction of a multi-branch Conv2 module to enrich feature extraction capabilities and the adoption of an inverted bottleneck IBCNeck module, which expands the number of channels and incorporates a channel attention mechanism. This strengthens the model's ability to capture and differentiate subtle posture features. Additionally, in the post-processing stage, the relative positions between sows and piglets are utilized to filter out piglets located outside the sow region, eliminating interference from sow nursing behaviors in resting posture recognition, thereby ensuring the accuracy of posture classification. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves accurate piglet posture recognition, outperforming mainstream object detection algorithms. Ablation experiments validate the effectiveness of image cropping and model enhancements in improving performance. This method provides effective technical support for the automated monitoring of piglet welfare in commercial farms and holds promising application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Genomic applications in beef cattle disease prevention are revolutionizing how cattle health is managed, offering tools to enhance resistance to common infectious diseases. Through techniques like whole-genome sequencing and genotyping, researchers can identify genetic markers associated with disease resistance, such as to bovine respiratory disease and Johne's disease. These insights enable more evidence-based breeding programs that select for cattle with superior immune function, reducing reliance on antibiotics and improving animal welfare. Genomic data also support early disease detection and tailored health management strategies, such as customized vaccination programs. Genomic tools can be used to proactively manage herd health, minimize disease outbreaks, and improve biosecurity. Despite challenges of cost and data integration, the potential of genomics to improve disease resistance, reduce economic losses, and enhance sustainability in beef cattle production is substantial. As technologies advance, genomic applications are expected to have increasingly vital roles in livestock management. Genomic applications in beef cattle disease prevention have gained traction in recent years, offering new strategies for improving herd health and reducing economic losses in the livestock industry. Advances in genomics, including identification of genetic markers linked to disease resistance, provide powerful tools for early detection, selection, and management of cattle resistant to infectious diseases. By incorporating genomic technologies such as whole-genome sequencing, genotyping, and transcriptomics, researchers can identify specific genetic variants associated with resistance to pathogens like bovine respiratory disease and Johne's disease. These genomic insights allow for more accurate breeding programs aimed at enhancing disease resistance and overall herd resilience. Genomic selection, in particular, enables identification of individuals with superior genetic traits for immune function, reducing the need for antibiotic treatments and improving animal welfare. Moreover, precision medicine, powered by genomic data, supports development of tailored health management strategies, including targeted vaccination plans and antimicrobial stewardship. Incorporation of genomic tools in beef cattle management also offers the potential for early disease detection, facilitating proactive interventions that reduce the spread of infections. Despite challenges like cost, data interpretation and integration into current management systems, the potential advantages of genomic applications in disease prevention are substantial. As these technologies advance, they are anticipated to have crucial roles in improving sustainability (by enhancing herd performance), profitability (by improving overall herd longevity), and biosecurity (by decreasing the likelihood of disease outbreaks) of beef cattle production systems worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pigs are routinely used in many areas of research. Anaesthesia is commonly used in research to protect pig welfare, safely collect research samples, and achieve study objectives. Atipamezole is an anaesthetic reversal agent that is used to partially reverse the effects of anaesthesia, leading to shorter recovery times. However, anaesthetic reversal agents have also been shown to cause side effects and turbulent anaesthetic recoveries in pigs. The present study compared the recovery of anaesthetised pigs both with and without a low dose of atipamezole for the partial reversal of anaesthesia. We aimed to determine if using atipamezole reversal at a dose below the published range reduced recovery times and the physiological impacts of anaesthesia without introducing side effects and adverse behaviours. We found that while low-dose atipamezole decreased anaesthetic recovery time and improved the maintenance of core temperature in most anaesthetised pigs, it introduced and exacerbated a range of side effects and behaviours that could lead to poorer welfare outcomes for research pigs. This study provides new information on the welfare impacts of using a low dose of atipamezole for the reversal of pig anaesthesia, which will allow for the refinement of anaesthesia regimes in laboratory pigs. Anaesthesia is sometimes required for the effective restraint of laboratory pigs for sample collection. Yet, anaesthesia can initiate a range of physiological disruptions that can increase variability in study data and lead to poorer animal welfare. Judicious use of anaesthesia can mitigate experimental, human safety, and animal welfare concerns, but it does not eliminate the potential for adverse effects. The use of reversal agents can shorten recovery time and reduce the physiological impacts of anaesthesia but can also cause additional side effects. We, therefore, trialled the use of low-dose atipamezole (0.12 mg/kg) for the antagonism of xylazine in laboratory pigs anaesthetised using a combination of xylazine and zolazepam/tiletamine. We measured time to recovery, selected clinical variables, recovery characteristics, and behaviours to investigate if a low dose of antagonist decreased recovery time and reduced the physiological impacts of anaesthesia whilst avoiding adverse negative side effects. We categorised side effects and behaviours as having either a low or high negative welfare impact based on the potential risk of injury and whether behaviours were displayed before or after return to consciousness. Collectively, our results indicated that while the use of low-dose atipamezole decreased recovery time and improved thermoregulation in most pigs, it introduced and exacerbated adverse side effects and behaviours that can lead to poorer welfare outcomes for laboratory pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The study addresses repeat breeder syndrome (RB), a significant reproductive issue in dairy cattle, where cows fail to conceive after three or more inseminations despite appearing healthy. The research aimed to identify risk factors contributing to RB in primiparous (first-time calving) and multiparous (multiple calvings) cows on dairy farms in northern Spain. Analyzing 2370 cows, the study identified critical risk factors such as body condition loss, reproductive pathologies (e.g., dystocia, endometritis), metabolic disorders (e.g., ketosis), lameness, and mastitis. For multiparous cows, delaying the first insemination postpartum reduced the RB risk. Seasonal effects showed fewer cases when calving occurred in summer or autumn. The findings suggest that addressing these factors through improved management, health monitoring, and breeding practices can enhance reproductive efficiency, lower costs, and support animal welfare. Therefore, reducing RB prevalence contributes to sustainable dairy farming and supports societal concerns about food production's economic and environmental impacts. This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of repeat breeder syndrome (RB) in 2370 dairy cows in northern Spain. Data collected included the prevalence of postpartum pathologies, metabolic markers, and productive and reproductive parameters. The overall RB prevalence was 21.1%. In primiparous cows, the postpartum body condition loss (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.9–8.1, depending on severity), ketosis (OR: 3.5), lameness (OR: 3.4), clinical mastitis (OR: 4.2), dystocia (OR: 5.2), and endometritis (OR: 12.2) significantly increased the RB risk. Summer (OR: 0.4) or autumn (OR: 0.6) calvings reduced this likelihood compared to winter or spring calvings. In multiparous cows, risk factors included body condition loss (OR: 2.0), ketosis (OR: 4.3), lameness (OR: 2.5), clinical mastitis (OR: 4.2), dystocia (OR: 1.9), endometritis (OR: 6.2), metritis (OR: 1.38), and subclinical mastitis (OR: 1.9). A longer interval between calving and first postpartum insemination reduced the RB risk (OR: 0.99). Overall, metabolic and reproductive disorders were significant risk factors for RB across both cow groups, while seasonal calving and delayed insemination mitigated risk in primiparous and multiparous cows, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Heat stress in dairy cows is a serious issue that can negatively impact milk production, health, and reproduction. Cows attempt to adapt to heat by altering their behavior to maintain a stable body temperature. When cows are in thermally challenging environments, it is crucial to identify signs of heat stress. Indicators of heat stress in cows include an increased heart rate, faster breathing, and elevated body temperature. To assist in identifying heat stress, scientists are developing technologies that monitor environmental and health data. One tool used to assess the thermal condition of the environment in relation to animals is the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI). When heat stress is detected, it is essential to cool the cows and improve their environmental conditions. Effective methods include using water sprinklers and fans to enhance heat exchange between the animals and their surroundings. These measures help cool the cows, improve their welfare, and result in healthier animals with higher milk production. Heat stress in animals affects productivity, health, and reproduction, with particularly pronounced effects in dairy cows. Identifying heat stress requires understanding both physiological and environmental indicators, such as increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature, which reflect the animal's thermal condition within its environment. Thermoregulation in cows involves behavioral and physiological adjustments to maintain homeothermy, aiming to stabilize their internal thermal state. To assess the thermal condition of animals, machine learning models have been developed, leveraging both environmental and physiological indicators for more accurate stress detection. Among the various indices of thermal environment, the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) is the most widely used. Cooling strategies for animals and their environments are essential to mitigate the effects of heat stress. One effective approach involves the use of evaporative adiabatic cooling combined with forced ventilation systems in feeding alleys and pre-milking holding areas. This method enhances evaporative exchanges and facilitates heat dissipation between the animal and its surroundings, thereby alleviating heat stress and improving both the welfare and productivity of dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The larvae of the Oestridae family parasitize the tissues, body cavities and gastrointestinal tract of mammalian hosts and thereby cause obligatory subcutaneous, nasopharyngeal and gastrointestinal myiasis, affecting wild and domestic mammals worldwide. The study aimed to present initial morphological and molecular findings regarding nasopharyngeal and subcutaneous myiasis in red deer and roe deer populations in Croatia. Larval specimens were obtained from 45 wild cervids during the timeframe spanning from 2015 to 2024. Subcutaneous larvae in both cervid species were identified as Hypoderma diana, while nasopharyngeal larvae were identified as Cephenemyia simulator in roe deer and Pharyngomyia picta in red deer. Our results provide a reference for similar investigations elsewhere in southeastern Europe, which are important for obtaining a complete understanding of botfly distribution throughout Europe as climate conditions become increasingly favorable to their growth. The infestation of ruminants by fly larvae of the Oestridae family can lead to nasopharyngeal or subcutaneous myiasis, which can harm animal welfare and productivity on sheep and cattle farms. The infestation of wild ruminants allows them to serve as reservoirs for subsequent transfer to domestic animals. The fly species most commonly responsible for myiasis have been well studied in many parts of the world, but less so in southeastern Europe. Here, we identified three botfly species among 197 subcutaneous larvae and 138 nasopharyngeal larvae from 36 wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 9 wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) at 30 locations across Croatia. Instars were stored in 75% ethanol and their species and developmental stage were identified based on morphological and morphometric keys. Subcutaneous larvae in both cervid species were identified as Hypoderma diana, while nasopharyngeal larvae were identified as Cephenemyia simulator in roe deer and Pharyngomyia picta in red deer. Partial sequencing of the gene-encoding mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I confirmed the taxonomic classification of C. stimulator and P. picta but was unable to confirm that of H. diana for lack of previously published sequences. This study appears to be the first to combine the morphological and molecular characterization of myiasis-causing botflies in wild cervids in southeastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: It is essential to regularly identify welfare issues and continuously improve welfare practices on dairy farms. Since early 2023, the Welfair® scheme has provided simplified internal audits based on the Welfare Quality® Protocols as a way to shorten the time and simplify the assessment process. We hypothesized that, even if a full assessment is not conducted, this practical approach is sufficient to drive changes in welfare conditions on farms, contributing to a better final classification. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and relevance of these visits, offering a critical analysis of the resulting improvements. The Welfair® certificate has become an important part of food chain integrity for animal welfare assessment in several countries, relying on a rigorous audit that verifies compliance with legislation and assesses animal welfare through the Welfare Quality Protocol (WQP). Dairy cattle farmers are encouraged to conduct internal audits beforehand to self-assess the farm's animal welfare level. Since early 2023, the Welfair® scheme has proposed simplified audits to shorten the time needed for internal audits. Ten measures are selected from the WQP, five of which must always be assessed: body condition, water provision, lameness, integument alterations, and pain management in disbudding. The main objective of this study was to determine whether analyzing the results of these five key indicators helps in identifying welfare problems, ultimately leading to a better final score. To test this, seven Portuguese commercial dairy farms were randomly selected to conduct a simplified internal audit followed by a certification audit. Considering the circumstances of our study, the visits proved essential to promoting better welfare practices, which positively influenced the final classification. However, areas that require improvement (such as the lack of an accurate risk analysis of the simplified audits provided by the Welfair® scheme) were identified and are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The domestic cat (Felis catus) ranks 38th in the Global Invasive Species Database and has a widespread presence in terrestrial environments as pets, strays, or feral animals. Cats can also be companion animals with names and are often considered by people to be members of their family. Free-roaming cats significantly impact wildlife, causing species declines and extinctions, as reported in Australia. In Brazil, studies on their impacts are limited, focusing more on disease transmission than predation or competition. This review analyzes 34 research papers (2001–2020) on free-roaming cats in Brazil. There has been a greater focus on mainland areas, particularly in Atlantic Forest habitats. In addition to highlighting potential risks to wildlife, this review also considers the welfare implications of cat management strategies. Understanding cat predation and areas of occurrence is vital for developing effective conservation measures that balance biodiversity protection and animal welfare. Domestic cats (Felis catus) currently occupy the 38th place in the Global Invasive Species Database. Free-roaming cats potentially have broad-ranging impacts on wildlife, occupying most terrestrial environments globally as house pets, strays, or feral animals. In Australia, for example, cats are responsible for the decline in many vertebrate populations and extinction of several native mammals. However, in Brazil, few studies have explored either direct impacts of predation on wildlife, or other indirect impacts, such as competition for resources, niche overlap, hybridization, and disease transmission. In this review, we summarize and discuss 34 original research reports, published between 2001 and 2020, on impacts of free-roaming cats in Brazil. We briefly contextualize the history of cat domestication and present that, in Brazil, more studies have focused on the potential of free-roaming cats to transmit disease than to exert impacts via predation or competition on wildlife. More studies were conducted in Brazilian mainland areas (n = 23)—notably in Atlantic Forest—than on islands (n = 11). The review highlights potential impacts of cats on wildlife. We also discuss how control management strategies can affect the welfare of domestic cats, identifying potential knowledge gaps as well as opportunities for future research. Finally, understanding risks of cat predation is necessary to inform future measures to mitigate impacts on wildlife, without neglecting cat welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The precise assessment of pain remains a critical concern in ensuring the welfare of companion animals. Consequently, innovative technologies such as infrared thermography have been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the facial thermal nociceptive response elicited by the administration of cannabidiol (CBD) alone and in combination with meloxicam in female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy under isoflurane anesthesia. Sixty-four bitches from different breeds were selected and randomly assigned into four groups according to the analgesic treatment. The groups were as follows: G1: Placebo group (n = 16). G2: Group premedicated with meloxicam at 0.2 mg kg−1 IV (n = 16). Postoperatively, this drug was used at 0.1 mg kg−1 every 24 h. G3: Group treated with CBD (n = 16) at a dose of 2 mg kg−1 orally every 12 h. G4: Group medicated with the combination of both treatments (n = 16). The findings revealed that the superficial temperature of the lacrimal gland, upper eyelid and lower eyelid was significantly lower in animals receiving analgesic treatments with meloxicam, CBD or a combination of the two when compared to the placebo group. This reduction correlated with physiological parameters such as heart rate and respiratory rate. Therefore, based on the superficial thermal response, it can be concluded that the use of CBD, either alone or in combination with meloxicam, exhibited comparable analgesic efficacy, effectively modulating nociceptive cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic autonomic responses, with no significant differences in facial thermal patterns observed between treatments. Pain management requires the identification of certain indicators to recognize pain. Various tools have been suggested to achieve an objective evaluation, including infrared thermography (IRT). The objective of this study was to assess the facial thermal nociceptive response produced by the use of cannabidiol (CBD) alone and in combination with meloxicam in female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy anesthetized with isoflurane. Sixty-four female dogs of different breeds were randomly distributed into four study groups according to the treatment received. G1: Placebo group (n = 16); G2: Group receiving intravenous meloxicam as premedication (0.2 mg Kg−1) and every 24 h postoperatively 0.1 mg Kg−1 (n = 16); G3: Group treated with CBD (n = 16) at a dose of 2 mg kg−1 orally every 12 h; and G4: Group medicated with the combination of both treatments (n = 16). All treatments were administered for 48 h postoperatively. After the anesthetic surgical procedure, radiometric images were captured using IRT and physiological parameters during the events EBasal, E30min, E1h, E2h, E3h, E4h, E8h, E12h, E24h and E48h. Overall, it was found that the high, medium and low temperatures of the thermal windows of the eye, upper eyelid and lower eyelid, as well as the average temperature of the lacrimal gland in G1 between events, were significantly lower at E30min, E1h and E2h compared to EBasal (p = 0.01). Among treatments, a significantly higher temperature was observed in groups G2, G3 and G4 compared to G1 (p = 0.001) in the thermal windows of the upper eyelid, lower eyelid, lacrimal gland and ocular areas. Regarding physiological parameters, heart rate (HR) was higher in G1 compared to the animals in G2, G3 and G4 (p = 0.03). The respiratory rate (RR) was significantly lower in all four study groups during the postoperative events compared to their respective EBasal (p < 0.05), while among treatments, G2, G3 and G4 had a lower RR compared to G1 (p = 0.03). Mild hypothermia was observed in all study groups at E30min and E1h compared to EBasal (p = 0.001). No significant correlation was found between the temperatures of the assessed thermal regions and the physiological traits. In conclusion, CBD, whether administered alone or in combination with meloxicam, demonstrated comparable analgesic efficacy, which could control nociceptive cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic autonomic responses, as there were no significant changes in the facial thermal response between treatments G2, G3 and G4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Animal agency—the ability of animals to make choices and exert control over their environment in a way that aligns with their needs and preferences—is a key part of animal welfare. Animal–computer interactions can enhance animal agency and improve welfare through enabling choice and control over environmental conditions and social interactions and providing cognitive challenge. Though there are some potential limitations, with careful design and implementation, animal–computer interaction can be an important contributor to improving animal welfare. Recent discussions in animal welfare have emphasised the importance of animal agency—the ability of animals to make choices and exert control over their environment in a way that aligns with their needs and preferences. In this paper, we discuss the importance of animal agency for welfare and examine how use of some types of animal–computer interaction can enable animals to exercise more agency in captive environments through increased choice and control, cognitive challenge, and social interactions; as well as considering some of the potential limitations of such efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Special Issue "Behaviour, Applied Ethology and Welfare of Farmed Animals" explores empirical data and theoretical discussions on contemporary issues in animal welfare, focusing on the use of behavior as an indicator. The papers cover topics such as environmental enrichment, virtual fencing, dietary adjustments, and innovations to improve animal health and welfare in organic systems. The studies emphasize the importance of understanding, assessing, and improving animal welfare through applied ethology, highlighting the role of behavior in enhancing welfare conditions for farmed and captive animals. The articles also discuss the complexities of aligning animal welfare with economic realities and the need for policies that cater to different farm sizes while addressing the balance between welfare and economic constraints. [Extracted from the article]

Simple Summary: Large group sizes and diverse structures in modern housing systems for laying hens can have a detrimental effect on animal health and welfare by limiting health monitoring and the early detection of signs of sickness in individual hens. Wearable sensor technology that can monitor changes in animal behaviour and activity would be beneficial to mitigate these difficulties. This study investigated whether activity sensors detected sickness-type signs caused by side-effects from a live vaccine challenge in laying hens in comparison to the assessment of changes in physical and clinical signs or observing behaviour. Our study showed that wearable sensors detected changes in activity levels, distance travelled and the location of individual hens. Sensor technology to detect changes in behaviour and animal movement may be useful for monitoring animal health and welfare. This study aimed to identify if sensor technology could be used to detect sickness-type signs (caused by a live vaccine) in laying hens compared to physiological and clinical sign scoring and behaviour observation. The experiment comprised 5 replicate batches (4 hens and 12 days per batch) using previously non-vaccinated hens (n = 20). Hens were moved on day 1 to a large experimental room with various designated zones (e.g., litter, perches, nest box), where they wore two sensors (FitBark, TrackLab). Saline was applied using ocular and nasal drops on day 3 as a control. A live vaccine (Infectious Laryngotracheitis, ILT, vaccine), applied using the same method on day 6, was used to induce mild respiratory and other responses. Physiological and clinical signs, and behaviour from videos were also recorded by a single observer. There were significant changes in body weight (p < 0.001), feed intake (p = 0.031), cloacal temperature (p < 0.001) and three out of five clinical signs (ocular discharge (p < 0.001), conjunctivitis (p < 0.001) and depression (p = 0.009)) over days. A significant decrease (p < 0.001) in activity level (FitBark) and distance travelled (both sensors) were identified over the study days, and activity and distance travelled were highly significantly associated (p < 0.001) with total clinical scores, with hens showing reduced activity and distance travelled with worsening total clinical scores. With behaviour observations from videos, the proportions of sitting, foraging and feeding behaviours (p = 0.044, 0.036 and 0.004, respectively), the proportion of total visit duration to the litter zone (p < 0.001) and perch (p = 0.037) with TrackLab and the proportions of visit counts of hens in the litter zone (p = 0.012) from video scanning changed significantly with days. This study suggests that the vaccine challenge caused associated changes in clinical/physiological signs and activity/distance travelled data from the sensors. Sensors may have a role in detecting changes in activity and movement in individual hens indicative of health or welfare problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study, based on citizen science activities, aims to explore children's knowledge and level of awareness of three concepts: biodiversity in hill and mountain landscapes, animal welfare and the social utility of research; it was performed through a series of educational activities followed by the administration of "maximum performance tests" to assess the effectiveness of the method used. The activities were structured to provide children with a progressive understanding of topics ranging from the conservation of biodiversity through sheep grazing, to the recognition of sheep breeds through anatomical differences, and culminating in the knowledge of anatomical parameters and marker molecules that can be used to assess animal welfare status. To evaluate the children's sensitivity about the treated topics, an "attitude questionnaire" was administered prior to the beginning and at the end of the project. Tests response analysis showed both the children's awareness of the topics increasing and the effectiveness of dissemination in citizen science activities. The children expressed their thoughts and appreciation through pictures and nursery rhymes, and someone expressed their intention to care for animals, protect biodiversity and become a scientist. Citizen science activities were performed using sheep as an animal model and involving 252 students aged between 9 and 11 years. The study focused on three pillars: hill/mountain landscape biodiversity, animal welfare and the social utility of research. Two types of tests—"attitude questionnaires" (AQs) and "maximum performance tests" (MPTs)—were administered. The AQ was administered before and at the end of the project to compare the children's sensitivity to the treated topics and to assess their awareness of the project's pillars. For each AQ item children expressed their agreement/disagreement by choosing from five response modes. The MPT aim was to evaluate if children had understood the explained topics by true/false options in respect to a sentence. The correlations between MPT scores and school evaluations for science subjects were analyzed. Among the fifteen AQ items specific to the pillars, four items related to biodiversity, three items related to animal welfare and two items related to the social utility of research, showing a significant difference (p < 0.05) for the second AQ's responses. Two items showed sex-related differences. The analysis of the data from the MPT showed that the didactic methodology used was effective and improved the position of most children by bringing them into higher science evaluation groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The medical treatment of Cambridge, an Anglo-Arab stallion, was misrepresented in the Australian media. His carers were trolled on the Cyberhorse website in Victoria, Australia, in the 1990s. Emotive misrepresentations, some anonymous, led to public misogynistic and racist labelling of his owners as 'wogs' and witches. Other misrepresentations maligned the reputation of the vets and farrier (blacksmith) who treated Cambridge and led the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) to publicly doubt the expertise of the practicing equine veterinarian and consulting specialist. Real-world harm was caused and claims based on media representations were investigated by the Veterinary Practitioners Registration Board of Victoria. The Victorian Supreme Court passed an injunction to restrain the Executive Officer, or any RSPCA inspector, from 'killing, touching, or otherwise interfering' with Cambridge. Another writ was obtained preventing the Werribee Park Equestrian Centre (WPEC) from forcibly moving Cambridge or his companion horses while Cambridge was undergoing veterinary treatment for laminitis. The Centre stopped advising Cambridge's carers of changes to his environment that would adversely affect him, yet transporting Cambridge elsewhere would have been a death sentence. Media reportage of Cambridge's welfare and treatment failed to consider the co-relationality that distinguished his treatment, or accord the horse agency in this process. Throughout, Cambridge proved an exceptional horse and patient, exhibiting what appeared to be agential adaptations to circumstances and his overall health and wellbeing. Cambridge's story urges us to consider that when making decisions about the lives of animals we should not make decisions for them, but with them. This case study aims to problematise concepts of equine and human co-relational agency in the context of 'mis-re-presentations' in the Australian media of harms experienced by the Anglo Arab stallion, Cambridge, following his development of laminitis and his consequent confinement at a leading national Equestrian centre. Autoethnographic narrative is used to retrospectively and selectively narrate the evolving relationship between Cambridge and his owners, farrier, and treating veterinarians within the dominant housing and veterinary practices and welfare paradigms in equestrian culture of 1990's Australia. Structured author/owner autoethnographic vignettes are framed by newspaper and internet reportage to highlight a productive tension between the public mediation of the case, and what it means to be fully embodied in relationship with an equine companion agent within a particular, racialised, gendered, and biopoliticised location. Adopting a phenomenologically informed intersectional feminist ethics of care perspective, a counternarrative to the gendered, racialised and essentialising rights-based judgements about Cambridge's illness and eventual death that dominated the popular media is provided. Crucially, the autoethnographic vignettes are chosen to capture the corporeal reciprocity and rapport of forces that produced a co-created agentivity that characterised the horse's birth, training, and treatment. The embodied interspecies knowledge that informs the training and care of equines (and all animal species) is always historically situated within permeable, dynamic worlds of self and other that are fluid, contextual, and always in relation. It is suggested that the case of Cambridge illustrates how competing stakeholder investments in animal welfare can play out in the public mediation of particular cases in ways that exclude their historical and interspecies situatedness and serve to reinforce dominant ideologies governing human and animal relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A widely used method for measuring stress in animals is to analyze corticosterone levels in the blood. However, blood sampling can cause pain and stress, which can negatively influence data precision. As an alternative, we measured corticosterone levels in feathers. However, a notable limitation of feather analysis is the variation in hormone levels across different feather sections, which can affect measurement reliability. Therefore, we evaluated the reliability of three feather parts (the whole feather, the rachis, and the vane) to identify the most suitable section for corticosterone assessment. Our results demonstrated that whole feathers provided the most consistent and reliable data despite lower corticosterone concentrations. While the rachis showed higher concentrations, its reliability was lower than that of whole feathers. The vane had the highest concentrations but showed no consistency across the samples. Based on these findings, we recommend using whole feathers to measure stress in individuals. This method offers reliable results with minimal stress to the animals and facilitates the sampling process by allowing the analysis of feathers without separation. These findings could improve the accuracy and efficiency of stress measurements in ducks, especially in field studies, and contribute to enhanced animal welfare. The aim of this study was to identify the feather section, among the whole feather, rachis, and vane, with the highest reliability for corticosterone measurement in 10 Pekin ducks aged 42 days. In total, 60 samples (i.e., 20 per section) were collected and each section was analyzed in duplicate. Corticosterone levels were measured using ELISA and statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA in SAS 9.2, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was tested using IBM SPSS. The level in the whole feather (12.55 ± 4.41 pg/mg) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than that in the rachis (18.12 ± 5.70 pg/mg). No significant differences were observed between the rachis and the vane (20.40 ± 3.04 pg/mg). ANOVA results confirmed substantial hormonal variability depending on the feather part analyzed. The ICCs for the whole feather, rachis, and vane were 0.923, 0.876, and 0.004, respectively. The vane section exhibited the highest concentration and lowest variance, whereas the whole feather exhibited the highest ICC. Although the whole feather had the lowest concentration, it exhibited greater consistency. Further research is necessary to improve the feather corticosterone analysis method for more accurate analysis. In conclusion, the whole feather provides the most reliable measure of corticosterone concentration among the three parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Driven hunts with hunting dogs are one of the tools for wild boar population reduction. However, they may represent an increased risk of injuries for hunting dogs. This study investigated whether hunting pressure, measured by the length of the hunting season, the frequency of hunts, and participant numbers, influenced the likelihood of wild boar attacks on dogs. The results revealed that the number of attacks reported in a hunting season only increased with longer hunting seasons. Other factors, such as shorter intervals between hunts, the number of driven hunts in the season, or the number of participants, did not enter the best statistical model in our study. Although most injuries were mild, severe and fatal cases were recorded, underscoring the need for improved strategies to reduce risks and enhance dog safety during hunts. Hunting dogs are exposed to the risk of injury in driven hunts, an often-used method for managing growing wild boar numbers. This study investigated the impact of increased hunting pressure—both across the hunting season and within individual hunting events—on the risk of wild boar attacks on hunting dogs, i.e., the length of the hunting season (2.68 ± 0.76 months, mean ± standard deviation), the number of driven hunts per season (3.99 ± 0.43), the intervals between hunts (17.85 ± 4.83 days), the number of wild boars harvested per season (14.46 ± 13.10), and the number of participants (23.8 ± 10.69) and dogs (4.56 ± 2.66) involved per hunt. The data were collected via a retrospective questionnaire survey. The information-theoretic approach (IT-AIC) and GLMM were employed to estimate the factors' effects on the number of wild boar attacks on dogs reported in 40 hunting grounds in five consecutive hunting seasons (2.60 ± 5.07 attacks per hunting season in a hunting ground). The number of attacks only increased with the length of the hunting season. The best model did not include other factors, such as shorter intervals between hunts, a higher number of driven hunts, wild boars harvested, or participants. The respondents reported 150 injuries by wild boars during 797 driven hunts. Most injuries were mild (73.8%), with fewer severe (18.8%) and fatal (7.4%) cases. Further investigation into wild boar and hunting dog interactions is necessary for constructing strategies to improve hunting practices and reduce dog injury risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Improving animal growth performance while maintaining good health and welfare is a serious challenge that poultry production is facing. Using feed additives could be part of the solution. Here, we evaluate the effect of a Standardized Natural Citrus Extract (SNCE) on growth performance, animal welfare, and the intestinal health of broiler chickens. The main results showed that SNCE supplementation in feed improved the final bodyweight, the European Efficiency Index, and the carcass quality of broiler chickens. Regarding welfare, the occurrence of Footpad Dermatitis was reduced in birds supplemented with SNCE. Gut health was also improved, as seen by the measurable indicators such as putrefactive short-chain fatty acids and gut integrity in birds that received the SNCE. Based on these results, we suggest the use of SNCE as feed additive to improve growth performance, health, and welfare of broiler chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a Standardized Natural Citrus Extract (SNCE) on broiler chickens' growth performance, gut health, carcass quality, and welfare. A total of 756 one-day-old Ross 308 males were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group (CTL) fed with a standard diet, and a citrus group (SNCE) fed with the same standard diet supplemented with 250 g/ton of feed of SNCE. Growth performance was recorded weekly until d 35, while mortality was recorded daily. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and European Efficiency Index (EEI) of broiler chickens were also calculated weekly. At day 35, 10 birds per group were randomly selected for slaughter performance. In parallel, broiler chickens' welfare was assessed according to the Welfare Quality Assessment Protocol. Caecal digest was also collected post mortem for short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) analyses, and jejunum samples were collected for ex vivo gut permeability assay. SNCE dietary supplementation enhanced broiler chickens' performance, i.e., final bodyweight and EEI, compared to the CTL group. The carcass weight was also significantly higher in the SNCE group. In addition, the fat percentage was lower in the SNCE group. Regarding broiler chickens' welfare and gut health parameters, Footpad Dermatitis (FPD) and gate score were also lower in birds supplemented with SNCE. The SCFA measurement showed a lower concentration of iso-butyric acid, iso-valeric acid, and total putrefactive SCFA in the SNCE group. The differences in gut permeability measured as TEER value indicate that using citrus extract lowered the risk of gut inflammation. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of action that may underlie the observed effects of SNCE on performance, as demonstrated in this study and others. These effects could potentially be attributed to the reduction in inflammation and the enhanced utilization of nutrients. Further studies are needed to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Therapy dogs have been increasingly incorporated into a variety of medical treatment programs, but research about the stress level of therapy dogs is limited. In this study, 14 therapy dog–handler pairs were embedded in an inpatient stroke rehabilitation program to provide animal-assisted treatment (AAT). Salivary endocrine, cardiac parameters, ear temperature, and behavioral observations were used to assess therapy dogs' stress level during the AAT. The results suggested that incorporating AAT into an inpatient stroke rehabilitation program did not induce stress in the therapy dogs, and that the therapy dogs may have been more relaxed after the session. Therapy dogs have been increasingly incorporated into a variety of medical treatment programs to improve patients' treatment outcomes and wellbeing. However, research investigating the stress level of therapy dogs in this setting is limited. This is the first randomized–controlled and prospective study that investigated the wellbeing of therapy dogs in an inpatient stroke rehabilitation program. In this study, 14 therapy dog–handler pairs were embedded in an inpatient stroke rehabilitation program to provide animal-assisted treatment (AAT). These therapy dog–handler pairs actively participated in stroke rehabilitation by walking with the patient, playing fetch with the patient, and being petted/brushed by the patient, amongst various other AAT activities. To measure canine stress responses during the rehabilitation sessions, salivary cortisol and oxytocin concentrations, heart rate and heart rate variability, tympanic membrane temperature, and a behavioral evaluation were recorded before and after interactions with the patient. The results demonstrated that therapy dogs had significantly decreased heart rate and increased heart rate variability after the AAT session. Right tympanic temperature significantly increased after the session, but there was no significant difference in terms of salivary cortisol or oxytocin levels, nor in stress-related behavioral evaluations after the AAT session. Taken together, the results suggest that incorporating AAT into an inpatient stroke rehabilitation program did not induce stress in the therapy dogs, and that the therapy dogs may have been more relaxed after the session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As animal welfare becomes more active in livestock industry, research is being conducted on ways to improve poor housing environments, reduce stress, and meet welfare standards. Among these, environmental enrichment methods are effective in reducing stress and creating a welfare-friendly rearing environment, but there are few cases of actual application to farms. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of providing pecking materials (grain blocks), known as one of the environmental enrichment methods, to commercial broiler farms. This study used two facilities that could accommodate 32,000 one-day-old broilers (Arbor acres) per building, and two groups (control and treatment groups) were designed after creating two identical areas within each building (total two treatments, two replicates, 16,000 birds per replicate). Two identical zones within the house were created by installing a partition in the center; one side was provided with grain blocks (one grain block per 1000 birds), and the other side was not. Analysis items included productivity (body weight, uniformity), environmental variables (litter and air), welfare indicators (leg, gait score, feather cleanliness score), and serum corticosterone levels. Analysis of all items was conducted twice, on the 19th and 27th, taking into account the farm's feed change date and slaughter schedule. Other environmental conditions (density, lighting, ventilation, temperature, humidity, feed, and water) were the same. As a result, no difference in productivity was observed according to enrichment, and the quality of litter and air was similar. Also, there was no significant difference in welfare indicators. Interestingly, however, provision of the environment enrichment lowered serum corticosterone levels (p < 0.05). The implications of our study are that grain blocks as a pecking material are an effective way to reduce stress without adversely affecting broiler performance and rearing environment. However, it is still necessary to explore optimal enrichment materials that can help not only the welfare level but also the broiler performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of thermal environments in animal production facilities presents significant challenges, requiring continuous adjustments to meet animals' physiological needs. This study evaluated the effects of green roofs on the thermal environment and comfort indices in small-scale poultry house prototypes, comparing facilities with and without green roof installations. The research tested various roof types (ceramic, fiber cement, and metal) combined with emerald grass (Zoysia japonica) green roof systems. Parameters measured included air temperature, relative humidity, internal roof surface temperature, Temperature and Humidity Index (THI), Black Globe Humidity Index (BGHI), Human Comfort Index (HCI), and Thermal Radiation Load (TRL) under both open and closed conditions. Results showed that green roofs reduced indoor air temperature by up to 2.4 °C in open prototypes and 10.6 °C in closed prototypes during peak heat periods. In combinations using green roofs with fiber cement tiles, internal roof surface temperature decreased by 24.0 °C in open prototypes and 27.0 °C in closed configurations. The implementation of green roofs resulted in THI reductions of 2.3 and 8.1 units in open and closed prototypes, respectively, BGHI decreases of 2.8 and 11.3 units, and TRL reductions of 21.0 W/m2 and 74.0 W/m2. HCI measurements confirmed improved thermal comfort conditions with green roof installations in both settings. This study concludes that green roofs effectively enhance the thermal environment by reducing bioclimatic indices during hot periods while maintaining stable conditions during cooler weather, thereby improving overall thermal comfort in animal facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dermanyssus gallinae, or poultry red mite, is a blood-sucking opportunistic parasite that is the leading cause of losses in the poultry sector, especially in Europe. With their ability to proliferate rapidly, to utilise human activity as a form of transmission, and to starve for long periods of time, these mites have achieved high infestation rates in many countries, both inside and outside of Europe. Red mites are a huge cause for concern in terms of animal welfare, causing anaemia, pain, intense itching, and many psychological effects due to the stressful environment they generate. This, combined with significant economic losses, has necessitated the development of many different control strategies. Methods for mite infestation control include synthetic and natural pesticides, repellents, the use of natural predators and microorganisms, physical control methods, and integrated pest management strategies. This review delves into the biology, distribution, economic impact, health and safety concerns, management strategies, challenges, and available genetic and phylogenetic research surrounding Dermanyssus gallinae, while also pointing out potentially relevant topics upon which future studies could be based. Bird mites are parasites that feed on both wild and domesticated bird species, causing severe degradation in avian welfare. The chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae in particular, is a widespread ectoparasite in poultry, responsible for several challenges faced by the poultry industry, including poor animal health, which causes significant economic losses. This review, based on our current knowledge, aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the biology and distribution of these mites, as well as their impact on poultry health and production. It explores the most prevalent mites in avian species, with a focus on D. gallinae, and examines the different psychological and physiological alterations observed in infected stocks, such as decreased egg production, weight loss, and an increased susceptibility to diseases. This review will also cover existing control strategies, including chemical, biological, and environmental approaches, with attention to the growing concern around pesticide resistance. Additionally, it delves into genetic research conducted on these mites, primarily focusing on phylogenetic studies, which have provided insights into their evolutionary relationships and potential vulnerabilities. By compiling existing studies, this article underscores the urgent need for effective and sustainable countermeasures, as well as further genetic research to mitigate the substantial impact of D. gallinae on the poultry sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dairy cows are essential for milk production, but their productive lifespan—how long they stay healthy and productive—has not increased in recent years. This has led to concerns about animal welfare, environmental sustainability, and farm profitability. Scientists are searching for ways to predict which calves will have longer, healthier lives. One idea is to measure telomeres: tiny structures at the ends of chromosomes that shorten as animals age. In this study, we measured the telomere length of newborn dairy calves and investigated if it could predict their lifespan, milk production, or reproductive performance. We found that telomere length did not predict how long the cows lived or how much milk they produced. However, calves with the longest telomeres were less efficient at producing milk fat and protein. Interestingly, these calves also required fewer inseminations and had slightly longer intervals between calvings, suggesting a possible link to reproductive performance. While telomere length alone may not be a reliable predictor of lifespan or productivity, it could help us better understand the biology of aging and reproduction in dairy cows. Future research could provide more insights into how this information could improve animal welfare and farming efficiency. Telomere length (TL) has gained attention as a biomarker for longevity and productivity in dairy cattle. This study explored the association between neonatal TL in Holstein calves and lifetime parameters (lifespan, milk production, and reproduction). Blood samples were collected from 210 calves (≤10d old) across four dairy farms in Flanders, Belgium. Telomere length was measured using qPCR and analyzed as a continuous variable and across three groups: the 10% shortest, the 10% longest, and the remaining 80%. Survival analyses showed no association between TL and lifespan (p = 0.1) or TL groups (p = 0.8). Similarly, TL showed no significant association with production traits. However, categorical analyses revealed that calves with the longest TL had lower lifetime fat (p = 0.01) and protein yields (p = 0.01) than those with the shortest TL. Reproductive analyses showed cows in the long TL group required fewer inseminations per lactation (p = 0.02) and exhibited longer calving intervals (p = 0.05). These findings suggest that while neonatal TL may not predict productive lifespan, it may provide insight into reproductive efficiency. Future studies should prioritize longitudinal assessments of TL dynamics to better understand their interactions with management practices and application in herd improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Studying social relationships and their effects on access to resources of endangered species maintained in captivity is important for ensuring well-being and success of potential releases into the wild. Here, we detail the relationships and daily activities, including space use, of endangered Przewalski's horses kept in a zoo setting to better understand how to meet the needs of older male (bachelor) horses, an understudied stratum of sociobiology. In our study, we observed nine males (aged 6–21 years) housed together at the Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine, collecting 65 h of behavioural data. We found that these males naturally split into three distinct subgroups based on their closeness in space and social interactions. Importantly, these subgroups behaved differently when it came to feeding, socializing, and moving but similarly when it came to devoting time to resting and being alert. Horses from different subgroups synchronized their behaviour and used key locations and, hence, resources of hay and water unequally. Our approach may help identify socially important traits, e.g., regarding the most suitable individuals for future releases into the wild, while also pointing out socially driven differences in access to resources that may be acted upon by managers to ensure equity in access to resources. Understanding social relationships in at-risk species held in captivity is vital for their welfare and potential reintroduction. In social species like the Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), daily time allocation and space use may be influenced by social structure and, in turn, reflect welfare. Here, we identify social relationships, time budgets, and spatial distribution of a group of nine older (aged 6–21 years) male Przewalski's horses living in a non-breeding (bachelor) group. We conducted our work at the Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve, over 65 h of observation in summer, 2015. Horses formed stronger social bonds with individuals of similar gregariousness and dominance levels. Social-network analysis identified three distinct subgroups with significant differences in locomotion, social behaviour, and foraging. However, resting and vigilance behaviour remained similar across the subgroups. Behavioural synchrony across all activities was higher within subgroups than between. Space use was also affected by subgroup membership, with some horses overusing or underusing critical resource areas like hay and water. These findings suggest opportunities to improve welfare by adjusting space and resource distribution, particularly for more submissive individuals. Our approach may also aid in selecting reintroduction candidates by considering social characteristics alongside health, genetic, and other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The welfare of group-housed cows, in terms of social dominance and human-cattle relationships, was assessed by analysing hair cortisol. This study found that animals of lower social rank have lower hair cortisol concentrations, and no significant correlation was found between avoidance distance from human and their hair cortisol concentration. The relation between social dominance and animal welfare must be evaluated by various indicators because it includes aspects of animal physical and mental health. In intensive beef production systems, social dominance relationships among cattle and human-cattle relationships constantly affect cattle welfare. However, these factors have not been investigated to assess their long-term effects on cattle welfare. In this study, the relations of hair cortisol concentrations of group-housed pregnant cows with their social rank and avoidance distance when approached by humans were analysed. Thirty-two Japanese black cows were used in this study. Examinations were conducted six times throughout two years, and each cow was subjected to one–three examinations. Hair sampling was conducted on each examination day. The hair cortisol concentrations were measured using a cortisol enzyme immunoassay kit. Social behaviour recordings were made about 6 h on each examination day. The numbers of occurrences of butt, threat, chase, and avoidance behaviours of each animal were recorded using continuous recording methods, and the social rank score for each animal was calculated from the data. Avoidance distances from humans approaching were measured for 23 test cows during the first three examination days. Measurements were taken 5–10 min after the start of morning feeding. The relations between the hair cortisol concentration and social rank score or avoidance distance were analysed using a mixed-effects model or correlation analysis. Significant positive correlation was found between the social rank score and hair cortisol concentration (F1, 48 = 4.54, p = 0.038). No significant correlation was found between the cows' responsiveness to humans and their hair cortisol concentration (r = −0.004, p = 0.99, n = 23). The findings suggest that low-ranking cows had lower cortisol levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The implications of intestinal barrier function improvement in immune-stressed weaning piglets by terpinen-4-ol(TER) are observed. Enhanced nutrient absorption, reduced gastrointestinal disease incidence, and improved overall growth performance can be achieved through improved intestinal barrier function. A promising alternative is offered by the use of TER as a natural plant extract. Far-reaching implications on animal health, economic viability, environmental sustainability, and animal welfare are observed from the use of TER to improve intestinal barrier function in immune-stressed weaning piglets. The importance of natural alternatives in enhancing livestock productivity and health is underscored by this promising approach, paving the way for more sustainable and ethical farming practices. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of terpinen-4-ol (TER) supplementation on the intestinal barrier function of pigs. Five groups of fifty 28-day-old piglets with comparable body weights were randomly assigned to the following groups: the control group (CON), the lipopolysaccharide group (LPS), the low TER group (PLT), the middle TER group (PMT), and the high TER group (PHT). The basal diet was given to the CON and LPS groups, and 30, 60, or 90 mg/kg TER was added to the basal diet for the TER groups. After the 21-day trial period, piglets in the LPS and TER groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 100 μg/kg body weight of LPS, whereas the piglets in the CON group received an injection of 0.9% normal saline solution. The results showed that LPS stimulation resulted in a decrease (p < 0.05) in the depth of colonic crypts in piglets, which was greater (p < 0.05) in the TER group. Compared with those in the CON group, the number of goblet cells and MUC2 expression were decreased in the colon of piglets in the LPS group, while these parameters were increased in the PMT group (p < 0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) content was greater in the colon of the LPS group than in that of the CON group, while the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were lower in the colon of the LPS group; conversely, the MDA content was lower in the colons of the PLT and PMT groups than in those of the LPS group (p < 0.05). TER also reduced (p < 0.05) LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1β and TNF-α expression, along with the relative gene expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in the colon of piglets (p < 0.05). Compared with those in the CON group, the abundances of Firmicutes and UCG-005 in the LPS group were lower (p < 0.05), and those in the TER group were significantly greater than those in the LPS group. Compared with those in the CON group, the abundance of Proteobacteria in the LPS group increased (p < 0.05), while the abundance of Actinobacteria and Phascolarctobacterium increased (p < 0.05) in the colon of the PHT group compared with that in the LPS group. In conclusion, TER effectively improved the intestinal barrier function of the colon in weaning piglets. Based on the results of this study, the appropriate dose of TER in the diets of weaning piglets was 60 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have shown that multiple post-traumatic irradiations of the cochlea with near-infrared light (NIR) can significantly reduce noise-induced hearing loss. However, a single NIR pre-treatment was shown to have the same effect. Extending the pre-treatment time did not result in any further reduction in hearing loss. The present study investigated whether a combined NIR pre- and post-treatment had an increased effect on hearing preservation. Methods: Frequency-specific auditory brainstem potential thresholds (ABR) were determined in young adult mice. One group (n = 8) underwent NIR irradiation (808 nm, 120 mW, 15 min) of the cochlea, followed by a 30 min noise exposure (5–20 kHz, 115 dB SPL). A post-NIR treatment was administered for 30 min immediately following the noise trauma. After 14 days, hearing loss was determined by ABR measurements. The results were compared with a trauma-only group (n = 8) and an untreated control group (n = 5). Subsequently, the spiral ganglion neuron density was investigated. Results: A peri-traumatic NIR treatment resulted in a significantly lower hearing loss compared to the trauma-only group. Hearing protection in these animals significantly exceeded the effect of an exclusive pre- or post-treatment across all frequencies. A loss of spiral ganglion neurons in the trauma-only group was observed, which was significantly rescued by the peri-traumatic NIR treatment. Conclusions: A single peri-traumatic NIR treatment seems to be the more effective approach for the preservation of hearing thresholds after noise trauma compared to an isolated pre- or post-treatment. One target of the protective effect seems to be the spiral ganglion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Recent years have seen a progressive replacement of mammals as laboratory animals with other species, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio). Safeguarding the welfare of these animals remains imperative, according to the latest scientific findings. Evaluating an animal's welfare must include consideration of its emotional state, which can be assessed using the cognitive bias test. This manuscript examines existing research on the application of cognitive bias tests to zebrafish, highlighting its potential as a tool for ensuring their well-being. A systematic review conducted using the PubMed and Scopus databases identified 6 scientific papers addressing the topic. All the research conducted so far confirms, despite presenting methodological biases, the possibility of using the cognitive bias test in zebrafish to assess their emotional state, reinforcing its value in promoting welfare for this species. Objective: In recent years, the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as laboratory models has significantly increased. Ensuring their welfare is crucial, with the cognitive bias test emerging as a valuable tool to assess their emotional state. This systematic review examines the application of the cognitive bias test in zebrafish research. Data: The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Sources: A systematic search was conducted in scientific databases, including PubMed and Scopus, yielding 30 articles. Additionally, one abstract identified through bibliographic screening of selected papers was included. Study Selection: Six studies were selected for analysis, and their quality was assessed using SYRCLE's risk-of-bias tool. Results: Three experimental models were employed to conduct the cognitive bias test in zebrafish, focusing on the relationship between their affective state and environmental conditions, cognitive abilities, and life-history strategies but none of the studies adequately reported the techniques employed to reduce bias. Discussion: The cognitive bias test proved effective in assessing the emotional state of zebrafish; however, methodological biases may have influenced the results. Conclusion: The cognitive bias test offers valuable insights into how emotional states affect cognitive abilities, responses to environmental changes (e.g., physical enrichment), and stress responses. Further research addressing methodological limitations is necessary to validate these findings and improve data reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The stunning of livestock prior to slaughter is intended to minimise animal suffering. This study investigated the use of penetrating captive bolt stunning in sheep, focusing on why this method sometimes fails to render animals unconscious and identifying the factors that influence its effectiveness. The behaviour of 37 horned and polled (unhorned) mature ewes (aged 4–10 years) was assessed after captive bolt stunning and associated with the extent of brain damage observed through brain imaging and physical examination. The findings revealed that damaging specific brain structures, the bolt's speed, and its penetration depth are critical factors in inducing unconsciousness. Brain imaging provided detailed insights into brain trauma, complementing the findings from physical examinations. This study highlights the importance of accurate bolt placement during stunning. These findings enhance the understanding of captive bolt stunning mechanisms and could contribute to improving animal welfare during slaughter. Penetrating captive bolt (PCB) is widely used for stunning and on-farm dispatch of livestock, yet its efficacy can vary, with the potential for animal welfare compromise. This study investigated the pathophysiology of PCB-induced trauma in horned and polled sheep (Ovis aries), focusing on factors contributing to incomplete concussion. Thirty-seven (n = 18 horned Scottish blackface and n = 19 polled North Country mule) mature ewes (aged 4–10 years) were shot with PCB with varying cartridge power and PCB modifications, followed by clinical assessment and post-mortem analysis using magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) and gross pathology. The results indicated that damage to the reticular activating system, bolt velocity and penetration depth are crucial for inducing irreversible unconsciousness, with depths less than 37 mm often resulting in incomplete concussion. MRI provided detailed insights into brain injuries, aligning well with gross pathological findings. This study highlights the importance of precise bolt placement and appropriate PCB configurations in ensuring humane outcomes, with MRI proving to be a valuable tool for assessing brain trauma in stunned animals. These findings enhance the understanding of effective stunning techniques and support improved welfare practices in livestock management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Semi-natural pastures provide the primary food source for sheep, whose grazing activity contributes to preserving grassland biodiversity. However, summer drought stress reduces the nutritional value of pastures, with negative consequences on the morpho-functional characteristics of the digestive system and other sheep systems. Understanding the molecules linked to energy metabolism is important for identifying suitable markers of tissue functionality and ensuring animal well-being, a key factor in sustainable livestock production. Ghrelin plays a role in food intake and is involved in tissue regeneration, repair and diseases at the skin level, even if information about this organ is very scarce. This study aims to analyze the ghrelin system in the skin of sheep grazing on seminatural pasture during the spring–summer season and compare differently fed animals. The results indicate that ghrelin and its receptor are localized in sheep skin appendices, with greater expression in animals fed with diet supplementation. This finding suggests that diet may influence the proliferative activity of the hair follicle through variations in the ghrelin system expression. These insights could be a useful tool for the breeders to counteract the negative effects of increasing summer aridity. Ghrelin (GhRL) is an orexigenic hormone influenced by nutritional state. It plays a role in skin repair and diseases, though little information exists regarding its function in this organ. GhRL and its receptor were investigated in the skin of sheep under different feeding conditions to explore GhRL system presence and possible modifications due to diet. Three-year-old female sheep were free to graze from June to the pasture maximum flowering (MxF group) and from this period to maximum dryness addicted (Exp group) or not (MxD group) with 600 gr/die/head of barley and corn. Skin samples were processed for immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. The immunostaining showed the presence of the GhRL system in skin appendages. Indeed, the ligand was localized in the hair follicles whereas the receptor was also observed in sweat glands and smooth muscle cells. The expression of both genes was significantly higher in the Exp group (3.6 and 2.9 folds respectively, p < 0.05) compared with the MxF group. These results suggest that the GhRL system is involved in the regulation of hair follicles and sweat glands. In addition, diet supplementation may positively modulate the expression of GhRL and its receptor in the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Laboratory animals live in environments that differ from their natural habitats, frequently experiencing high stress levels. To address this issue, environmental complexity can be increased to promote animal welfare. The aim of this research was to assess the impact of a simple environmental enrichment (a three-way orange PVC tube, 11.7 cm long and 4 cm in diameter) on stress response in fish subjected to capture and transferred into a new tank. The shoaling test evaluated some behavioral parameters associated with anxiety, and demonstrated that the enrichment had a positive effect on zebrafish stress response. These data were further confirmed by the cortisol released into the water: in fact, the subjects housed in an enriched environment did not exhibit significant increases in cortisol, unlike the control group. In summary, simple physical enrichment can help to reduce the stress response of zebrafish, contributing to improved welfare. The impact of enrichment on stress reduction in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to a novel environment was assessed. Four control shoals (CTRL) and five treated shoals (TRT), each with eight fish, were observed; in TRT tanks, a PVC pipe was included (three-way tube, 11.7 × 4 cm) as enrichment for 90 days. Subsequently, fish were moved to a new tank for a shoaling test, and behavior was evaluated over periods of 0′–5′ and 5′–10′. Cortisol dissolved in water was measured before and after the test. No differences were found between the two groups in distance moved, swimming speed, or shoal acceleration. Both groups reduced interindividual distance in the second phase of the test (CTRL: t = 8.977, p ≤ 0.0001; TRT: t = 8.247, p ≤ 0.0001), though TRT fish maintained greater spacing (t = 2.292, p ≤ 0.05). TRT fish spent more time without contact during both phases (first: t = 2.645, p ≤ 0.05; second: t = 3.134, p ≤ 0.01), while CTRL fish reduced this time in the second phase (t = 2.991, p ≤ 0.05). Cortisol rose significantly in CTRL after the test (t = 2.452, p ≤ 0.05) but not in TRT fish. These results suggest that environmental enrichment mitigates stress, as seen by reduced cohesiveness and cortisol in TRT fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]