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Chemotherapy is one of the most commonly used methods for treating cancer, but its side effects severely limit its application and impair treatment effectiveness. Removing off-target chemotherapy drugs from the serum promptly through adsorption is the most direct approach to minimize their side effects. In this study, we synthesized a series of adsorption materials to remove the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin by modifying MOF nanosheets with sulfonated azocalix[4]arenes. The strong affinity of sulfonated azocalix[4]arenes for doxorubicin results in high adsorption strength (Langmuir adsorption constant = 2.45–5.73 L mg−1) and more complete removal of the drug. The extensive external surface area of the 2D nanosheets facilitates the exposure of a large number of accessible adsorption sites, which capture DOX molecules without internal diffusion, leading to a high adsorption rate (pseudo-second-order rate constant = 0.0058–0.0065 g mg−1 min−1). These adsorbents perform effectively in physiological environments and exhibit low cytotoxicity and good hemocompatibility. These features make them suitable for removing doxorubicin from serum during "drug capture" procedures. The optimal adsorbent can remove 91% of the clinical concentration of doxorubicin within 5 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a pathogen that causes severe abortions in sows and high piglet mortality, resulting in huge economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. The emerging and novel PRRSV isolates are clinically and biologically important, as there are likely recombination and pathogenic differences among PRRSV genomes. Furthermore, the NADC34-like strain has become a major epidemic strain in some parts of China, but the characterization and pathogenicity of the latest strain in Inner Mongolia have not been reported in detail. In this study, an NADC34-like strain (CHNMGKL1-2304) from Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia was successfully isolated and characterized, and confirmed the pathogenicity in pigs. The phylogenetic tree showed that this strain belonged to sublineage 1.5 and had high homology with the strain JS2021NADC34. There is no recombination between CHNMGKL1-2304 and any other domestic strains. Animal experiments show that the CHNMGKL1-2304 strain is moderately virulent to piglets, which show persistent fever, weight loss and high morbidity but no mortality. The presence of PRRSV nucleic acids was detected in both blood, tissues, nasal and fecal swabs. In addition, obvious pathological changes and positive signals were observed in lung, lymph node, liver and spleen tissues when subjected to hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). This report can provide a basis for epidemiological investigations and subsequent studies of PRRSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dy3+ and Mn4+ codoped SrAl2O4 (SrAl2O4:Dy3+,Mn4+) phosphors were obtained by diffusing Mn4+ ions into Dy3+-doped SrAl2O4 via the constant-source diffusion technique. The influences of diffusion temperature and diffusion time on the emissions of SrAl2O4:Dy3+,Mn4+ were investigated. It was found that: (i) efficient red emission peaking at 651 nm can be readily achieved for SrAl2O4:Dy3+ by simply diffusing Mn4+ into SrAl2O4:Dy3+ at 800 °C and above; (ii) the red emission of Mn4+ becomes dominant over the characteristic emissions of Dy3+ when the diffusion temperature is 900 °C or higher; and (iii) the intensity of the red emission of SrAl2O4:Dy3+,Mn4+ is far more sensitive to diffusion temperature than to diffusion time. Our results have demonstrated that full-color tunable emissions can be realized for SrAl2O4:Dy3+, Mn4+ by tuning the parameters of diffusion temperature and diffusion time, which opens up a space for realizing easy color control of Dy3+-doped inorganic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The social behavior and the evolution of non-human primates have always been a focus of animal behavior. In this study, we determined that male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) formed a strong social bond, and there were two mechanisms (social bond and social rank) to promote the formation of coalitions. This study provides a new perspective for understanding the maintenance mechanism of social stability in non-human primates under competitive environments. Previous studies have shown that fierce competition could promote male coalitions. There are two ways for males to choose their allies in the conflict. The first is that supporters choose high-ranking individuals, and the second is that supporters choose affiliated individuals. It is necessary to clarify the factors for forming a coalition and the process of cooperation in primates with complex relationships and strict hierarchies. Thus, we conducted a study on a group of free-ranging Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) in Anhui, China, and recorded the whole process of male macaques forming coalitions once agonistic support occurred. The results showed that a higher intensity of the social bond between males was associated with more frequent coalitions. Dominance rank also significantly influenced male coalitions, showing that high-ranking individuals allied more frequently. Moreover, males with longer residence times formed more stable coalitions. We suggest that male Tibetan macaques form a stable social relationship, where social bond and social rank both promote the formation of a coalition. This study provided some insights into the mechanism by which social cooperation develops in multi-male and multi-female groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Vocal communication is widely used in most primate groups as one of the most effective ways to transmit information. However, the role of sound signals in group movements and their influencing factors are not well understood. In this study, we not only confirmed the recruitment function of vocalizations in group movements, but also found the effect of sex and social centrality on vocalizations. Social centrality indicates the degree of proximity relations between two individuals in a social network. Female Tibetan macaques and individuals with high social centrality were more likely to use vocalizations during collective movements. This study helps us understand the cooperative mechanisms of animal populations. To maintain group cohesion, social animals need to coordinate their actions during group movements. Several species use vocalizations to communicate with each other during coordination. However, the process of vocal communication and its influence in collective decision making is not clear. We studied a group of free-range Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Huangshan, China, and recorded acoustic signals during their group movements. It was found that three kinds of sounds were used in their movements. Group movements with vocalizations recruited more participants than the movements without sound. Moreover, during group departures, individuals in the front emitted a higher frequency of vocalization than individuals in the rear. Sex and social centrality both had a significant influence on vocalizations. Social centrality indicates the degree of proximity relations between two individuals in a social network. Females and individuals with high social centrality emitted more sound in group movements. However, social rank and the number of relatives did not affect the emission of sound. These results suggest that the function of calls in collective movements relates to coordinating group movements. This study provides an insight into the association of acoustic communication with collective decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In social situations, people may unconsciously repeat their partners' small moves. Sometimes we can not help opening our mouths when we watch others yawn; other times, we subconsciously cross our legs like others. This phenomenon also exists in animals. We believe that this retained habit is beneficial to social animals. By observing a group of macaques, we found that close partners are more prone to have behavioral synchronization, which is conducive to the maintenance of the group. Behavioral contagion has been defined as a phenomenon in which an unlearned behavior automatically triggers a similar behavior in others. Previous studies showed that a behavioral contagion might have the function of strengthening social relationships, promoting group coordination and maintaining social cohesion. However, so far, there are few studies investigating the correlation between contagious scratching and social bonding. Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) live in multi-male and multi-female cohesive matrilineal groups, and scratching is usually observed in their affiliated interactions. We investigated the process of scratch contagion in one group of free-ranging Tibetan macaques and explored whether behavioral contagion could consolidate social relationships and maintain social stability. Results showed that the scratching was contagious and correlated with relationship quality and spatial distance. In dyads with a higher Dyadic Composite Sociality Index (DSI), the contagion was strong. In addition, contagions occurred more frequently and faster among individuals nearer to each other. In terms of social groups, members with higher social centrality participated in more behavioral contagion, whether as expressers or observers. Our findings provide new perspectives for studying behavioral contagions in humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study a novel sensitive nanogold particle sensor enhancement based on mixed self-assembled monolayers was explored and used to construct a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) immunosensor to detect Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA). Compared with a direct binding SPR assay at a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 ng/L, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of 10 nm dramatically improved the LOD of IMA to 10 ng/L. Meanwhile, no interfering substance that may lead to false positive results was identified. These results suggested that the SPR biosensor presented superior properties, and provided a simple label-free strategy to increase assay sensitivity for further acute coronary syndrome (ACS) diagnosis.