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This study explores approaches to enhancing the biostability of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) supplemented with olive fruit extract (OFE) enriched with hydroxytyrosol (HTyr). The investigation focuses on prolonged deep frying (DF) conditions at 170 °C and 210 °C, over durations ranging from 3 to 48 h, with the aim of improving sensorial attributes, polyphenolic content, and thermal oxidative stability. Parameters, such as acidity, peroxide value (PV), K232, K270, ΔK, phenolic compounds, and sensory attributes, were monitored. The PV did not exceed the standard limit in HTyr-EVOO at 210 °C/24 h; however, in non-supplemented EVOOs, it remained within the limits only up to 210 °C/18 h. Acidity stayed within the acceptable limit (≤0.8) at 170 °C/24 h in both enriched and non-enriched EVOOs. K232 values were ≤2.5 in HTyr-EVOO fried at 170 °C/18 h. K270 and ΔK did not exceed the limits in HTyr-EVOO at 170 °C/3 h, whereas they surpassed them in non-supplemented oils. Additionally, HTyr and tyrosol levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in HTyr-EVOOs. Phenolic compounds, including verbascoside, pinoresinol, 1-acetoxypinoresinol, and phenolic acids, such as chlorogenic, vanillic, homovanillic, 4-dihydroxybenzoic, and caffeic acids, were detected in HTyr-EVOOs. Oxidized secoiridoid derivatives increased significantly as DF progressed. Moreover, sensory analysis revealed that positive attributes in EVOOs—such as fruity, bitter, and pungent notes—decreased significantly with increasing temperature and frying duration (p < 0.05). Beyond 210 °C/6 h, these attributes were rated at zero. However, HTyr-EVOOs exhibited lower rancidity compared to non-enriched oils under identical conditions, attributed to the protective effect of HTyr. In conclusion, HTyr-EVOOs demonstrated thermal stability up to 210 °C/6 h, retaining desirable sensory qualities, higher phenolic content, and reduced degradation. These findings indicate that natural OFEs have strong potential as food additive in deep fried EVOOs, enhancing sensory properties, health benefits, and overall oil stability. This innovation provides a practical solution for the food industry by improving the biostability and versatility of EVOO. Further research is recommended to investigate various EVOO categories and oils from diverse origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gentamicin (GM) administration is associated with decreased metabolism, increased oxidative stress, and induction of nephrotoxicity. Sambucus nigra L., containing flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phytosterols, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the nephroprotective and anti-inflammatory potential of lyophilized Sambucus nigra fruit extract (S. nigra extract) to reduce acute oxidative stress and residual toxicity of GM in a 7-day experimental model in Balb/c rodents. Methods: The S. nigra extract was lyophilized (300 rpm; 10 min; −45 °C) to improve pharmacological properties. Balb/c mice were divided into four (n = 6) groups: controls; S. nigra extract per os (120 mg kg−1 day−1 bw); GM (200 mg kg−1 day−1 bw) (4); and GM + S. nigra therapy. The activities of antioxidant and renal enzymes, cytokines, and levels of oxidative stress biomarkers—Hydroxiproline, CysC, GST, KIM-1, PGC-1α, MDA, GSPx—were analyzed by ELISA tests. The ROS and RNS levels, as well as 5-MSL-protein oxidation, were measured by EPR spectroscopy. Results: The antioxidant-protective effect of S. nigra extract (120 mg kg−1) was demonstrated by reduced MDA, ROS, and RNS and increased activation of endogenous enzymes. Furthermore, S. nigra extract significantly reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and KIM-1 and regulated collagen/protein (PGC-1α and albumin) deposition in renal tissues. Conclusions: Histological evaluation confirmed that S. nigra (120 mg kg−1) attenuated renal dysfunction and structural damage by modulating oxidative stress and acute inflammation and could be used as an anti-fibrotic alternative in GM nephrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik. (CBP) is a species with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and hepatoprotective effects. We have chosen to study this species because, although it is a common plant with a distinctive fruit appearance, its effects are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the histoanatomy of the vegetative, reproductive organs and to characterize CBP extracts in terms of bioactive compounds and its antioxidant capacity. This study investigated the quantitative chemical composition of this species using the HPLC method, revealing the total content in polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, and investigated the antioxidant potential through fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP assay), cupric ion (Cu2+) reduction, (CUPRAC assay), and a free radical scavenging method (DPPH). Our results show that CBP is a rich source of flavonoids, mainly from the extract obtained from the fruits; it has an antioxidant capacity, with the highest values being obtained from mature flowers and ripe fruits. Of the active principles, the highest amounts, according to HPLC determinations, were obtained in flowers and are represented by hyperoside. Thus, we can recommend the studied species for phytopharmaceutical preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There is currently an increase in the trend of medicinal plant usage in developing countries leading to an escalation of research on plants used for different medicinal purposes and those well-known globally for their biological properties. Various medicinal plants have been tested and proven to possess biological activities including antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-platelets, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-HIV, anti-diarrheal, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and many more. One of the most important biological activities a plant can elicit is antioxidant because natural antioxidants from plants are responsible for the reduction of oxidative stress in the human body which is linked to the reduction of heart diseases, arthritis, cancer, stroke, and other inflammatory conditions. This study sought to establish the antioxidant potential of the bitter melon herb. It has a number of compounds which are known to be responsible for the treatment of a number of diseases and ailments such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids. Furthermore, the fruits have been found to be a very strong antioxidant agent. This explains the usage of this plant in the management of hypertension and diabetes by indigenous communities. Momordica balsamina Linn is a well-known African traditional herb due to its tremendous medicinal and nutritional properties. It is used worldwide for the treatment of different ailments and diseases. In the present study, the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of South African M. balsamina fruit pulp extracts was evaluated. The fruit pulp extracts were obtained by using the serial exhaustive extraction procedure using the solvents hexane, DCM, acetone, and methanol. The resulting extracts were subjected to different standard colorimetric tests for phytochemical analysis. The presence of compounds with antioxidant activity was determined using dot plot and TLC. The DPPH radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide activity, and reducing power assay, coupled with linear regression, were employed to determine the quantity of antioxidants and their IC50. The results for qualitative phytochemical screening have shown that the fruit pulp contains alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids. All the extracts revealed the presence of antioxidant activity in both dot plot and TLC. Acetone extracts (0.279 mg/mL) showed the lowest IC50 compared to the standards gallic acid (0.4 mg/mL) and diosgenin (0.42 mg/mL). These findings confirmed that M. balsamina is very rich in phytochemical compounds and has strong antioxidant potential; therefore, it could be a potential source of drugs which in the future may serve the production of synthetically improved therapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) affects the aging process and increases the likelihood of several diseases. A new frontier in its prevention includes bioactive foods and natural extracts that can be introduced by the diet in combination with specific probiotics. Among the natural compounds that we can introduce by the diet, Panax ginseng extract is one of the most utilized since it contains a vast number of bioactive molecules such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides that have been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-ageing, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory activity. In this work, the ability of a P. ginseng extract in combination with a probiotic formulation was taken into consideration to evaluate its effects on the modulation of in vitro reconstructed human gut microbiota (HGM). After evaluating the growth of the individual strains on the ginseng extract, we tested the in vitro reconstructed HGM setup (probiotics, minimal core, and whole community) using 2% w/v ginseng as the only carbon and energy source. The probiotic strains reached the highest growth, while the minimal core and the whole community showed almost the same growth. Specifically, the presence of the ginseng extract favors L. plantarum and B. animalis subsp. lactis among the probiotics, while B. cellulosilyticus prevails over the other strains in the minimal core condition. In the presence of both probiotics and minimal core strains, L. plantarum, B. animalis subsp. lactis, and B. cellulosilyticus reach the highest growth values. The bacterial metabolites produced during ginseng extract fermentation in the three conditions were administered to human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) to investigate a potential antioxidant effect. Remarkably, our results highlighted a significant reduction in the total ROS and a slightly reduction in the cytosolic superoxide anion content in HT-29 cells treated with bacterial metabolites deriving from ginseng extract fermentation by the whole community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era of escalating environmental challenges, converting organic residues into high-value bioactive compounds provides a sustainable way to reduce waste and enhance resource efficiency. This study explores the potential of the circular bioeconomy through the valorization of agricultural byproducts, with a focus on the antioxidant properties of specific chestnut burr cultivars. Currently, over one-third of food production is wasted, contributing to both humanitarian and environmental crises. Through circular bioeconomy, we can transform biological waste into valuable products for use in fields like food innovation and sustainability. The antioxidant effects of three chestnut cultivars, Bastarda Rossa, Cecio, and Marroni, were assessed through in vitro assays, highlighting their potential to combat oxidative stress—an important factor for health-related applications. The characterization of the three cultivars showed the major presence of ellagic acid and gallic acid in the extract, renowned for their antioxidant activity. In vitro assays evaluated the phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the antioxidant activity of the three extracts, confirming the cultivar Cecio as the richest in these bioactive compounds and the most performative in antioxidant assays. In vitro antioxidant and oxidative stress recovery assays on SaOS-2, fibroblast, and chondrocyte cell lines displayed a strong antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity assay demonstrated the safety of all three extracts in the tested human cell lines. In silico docking simulations further validated the biological relevance of these compounds by predicting strong hydrophobic and polar interactions with oxidative stress-related protein targets. Overall, this study demonstrates the antioxidant properties of chestnut byproducts. The findings contribute to the development of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and other applications, underscoring the role of chestnut cultivars in advancing circular bioeconomy practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants are crucial in counteracting the impact of free radicals, thereby preventing cell damage. Extracts from orange, apricot, and olive tree pruning, classified as by-products according to environmental laws, underwent examination of their antioxidant properties. In the present investigation, data on the antioxidant activity of extracts of these tree by-products were used to calculate the relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI). The latter made it possible to identify Apricot bark maceration extract as having the highest antioxidant index. Further analysis through UHPLC-MS enabled the identification of compounds known for their antioxidant activity, including catechin, epicatechin, and others. Cytotoxicity assays conducted on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2) confirmed the safety of the chosen extract for cosmetic applications. The extract was then used to formulate a cosmetic cream, which subsequently underwent quality control and proved to be stable, of good consistency, and free of pathogens. The results show that developing a sustainable cosmetic cream prototype is a promising step toward realizing an environmentally friendly product in the circular economy context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studied introduction population of the alien North American species Amorpha fruticosa L. was formed in the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) 80 years ago from seeds of different geographical origin. Currently, this population consists of individuals of the second and third generations, which arose as a result of the spontaneous pollination of parental plants. It is the northernmost site of A. fruticosa growth in the secondary distribution range; in southern regions, it usually behaves like an aggressive invasive species and invades natural plant communities. A. fruticosa is known to contain a number of bioactive compounds with valuable pharmacological properties, and the aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical composition of leaves and fruits at the northern limit of the species' growth, since stress conditions promote active accumulation of secondary metabolites. The data on the composition of secondary metabolites, on the mineral composition, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids in the leaves and fruits of A. fruticosa, and on the amount and composition of essential oil in the extract from fruits are presented. High levels of adonitol, which is used as a sweetener in products for diabetic patients, have been reported in the fruits of A. fruticosa. α-Copaene, α-pinene, δ-cadinene, α-muurolene, and β- and α-caryophyllene predominate in the essential oil of the fruit, providing its antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical analysis of A. fruticosa from the secondary distribution range confirms the potential of this species as a valuable resource for the pharmacopoeia industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses a novel method in which extracts from different parts of a single plant are used to synthesize well-defined silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to address the lack of capping agents in certain plant extracts. We focused on synthesizing AgNPs with enhanced biomedical activity using aqueous leaves and fruit extracts of Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell, a plant native to northern Australia that is known for its high phenolic content and associated health benefits. The impact of using parameters such as the Ag+ ion-to-extract ratio and pH on AgNP synthesis was examined. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed using UV–visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The AgNPs synthesized at a pH of 8 and 1:25 Ag+/extract ratio exhibited the lowest particle size and polydispersity index. The AgNPs synthesized with leaf extract (AgKL) were monodisperse and exhibited a smaller hydrodynamic diameter (37 nm) compared to the fruit extract nanoparticles (AgKP), which were polydisperse and larger (147 nm). Phytochemicals in T. ferdinandiana aqueous leaf extract act as effective capping and stabilizing agents, enabling the synthesis of small-sized and homogenous AgNPs, which the fruit extract alone could not achieve. The in vitro bioactivity was evaluated using antioxidant and antibacterial assays and compared with the crude extract. Both the AgNPs and T. ferdinandiana extracts demonstrated strong 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. However, only AgKL showed excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria based on minimum inhibitory and bactericidal results. Mixing 50% leaf extract with fruit extract resulted in well-stabilized NPs (AgKPL) with a hydrodynamic diameter of 33.4 nm and superior antibacterial properties. These results indicate that AgKL and AgKPL have significant potential for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorbus commixta Hedl. is a traditional medicinal plant in Korea, China, and Japan with known antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and anti-melanin activities. However, its anti-neuroinflammatory effects remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of S. commixta fruit extracts on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated pro-inflammatory factors in BV-2 microglia. We compared the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of S. commixta fruit water extract (SFW) and 70% ethanol extract using a nitric oxide assay. Our data indicated that the SFW (25–100 μg/mL) treatment significantly inhibited excessive nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglia compared to the 70% ethanol extract. It also attenuated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α. Moreover, SFW exhibited its anti-inflammatory properties by downregulating the expression of factors involved in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and by suppressing nuclear factor kappa B. Caffeic acid was identified as a primary component of SFW showing anti-neuroinflammatory activity. These findings suggest that SFW may offer substantial therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases involving microglia activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bursera microphylla (B) A. Gray, a plant native to northwest Mexico, has long been utilized in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory effects. Previous studies have highlighted the bioactivity of B. microphylla fruit extract. Chitosan (Cs), a biopolymer known for its favorable physicochemical properties, has proven effective in encapsulating bioactive compounds. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize Cs-based microparticles containing B. microphylla fruit extract and evaluate their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Methods: Cs-based three-dimensional hydrogels were synthesized using physical cross-linking with ammonium hydroxide, incorporating B. microphylla fruit extract. The hydrogels were freeze-dried and mechanically ground into microparticles. The physicochemical properties of the microencapsulates were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and moisture absorption tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring nitric oxide (NO) reduction in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus. Results: SEM and OM analyses revealed irregular morphologies with rounded protuberances, with particle sizes ranging from 135 to 180 µm. FTIR spectra indicated that no new chemical bonds were formed, preserving the integrity of the original compounds. TGA confirmed that the encapsulated extract was heat-protected. The moisture absorption test indicated the microparticles' hydrophilic nature. In vitro, the microencapsulated extract reduced NO production by 46%, compared to 32% for the non-encapsulated extract. The microencapsulated extract was effective in reducing the microbial load of S. aureus between 15–24%. Conclusions: Cs-based microencapsulates containing B. microphylla fruit extract exhibited no chemical interactions during synthesis and demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. These results suggest that the Cs-based system is a promising candidate for managing inflammatory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to detect an impact of water–ethanol extracts of different microalgae species—Spirulina platensis, Dunaliella salina and Chlorella vulgaris—on the accumulation of bioactive compounds in tomatoes. A treatment with the corresponding ethanol solution and pure drinking water was used as a control. Tomato cultivar 'Belle' F1 (Enza Zaden) was grown in a polycarbonate greenhouse, in 25 L pots filled with a peat substrate (pH KCl 5.5). The plants were sprayed weekly from germination until the start of harvesting, in total nine times. Fruits were analysed at the stage of full ripeness. Bioactive compounds' contents such as vitamin C, titratable acidity, pH value, β-carotene, lycopene, anthocyanin, total phenols as well as total soluble solids and dry matter were analysed, and the connection between fruit mass and the taste index was determined. The influence of the tested extracts on the bioactive compounds and quality parameters of tomatoes was different, but no significant differences for most of the analysed active compounds were found, with the exception of total phenols (from 137.59 ± 1.34 to 166.93 ± 2.01 mg 100 g−1) and total soluble solids (from 3.93 ± 0.12 to 4.4 ± 0.18 °Brix). In the next research, a more detailed study about the influence of the ethanol concentration on changes in biologically active compounds should be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn) Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. are significant botanicals in ancient Ayurvedic medicine. They are renowned for their therapeutic properties, notably in addressing gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. These plants have undergone thorough examination related to their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which make them highly efficient natural treatments for controlling gastrointestinal infections. The current research demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of fruit extracts of Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula against Bacillus cereus, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhimurium. We performed disc diffusion and liquid microdilution experiments to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy. All extracts of Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula showed good antibacterial effects against B. cereus and S. flexneri. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 94 µg/mL to 556 µg/mL. The methanolic extracts from both plants also showed noteworthy antibacterial activity against S. sonnei and S. typhimurium, with MIC values of 755 µg/mL for both. Fractional inhibitory concentration studies revealed additive interactions between some conventional antibiotics and the plant extracts when used concurrently. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses revealed that the T. bellirica and T. chebula extracts contained various tannins including methyl gallate, propyl gallate, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. Lethality assays conducted using Artemia franciscana Kellogg nauplii indicated that all the plant extracts are non-toxic. The antibacterial properties and absence of toxicity in T. bellirica and T. chebula fruit extracts indicate their potential for antibiotic development, warranting additional mechanistic and phytochemical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, natural antioxidants, especially those found in fruits, are preferred over synthetic ones when used in a variety of meat products. Natural alternatives are preferred by consumers because synthetic additives in meat products have been connected to allergic reactions and other health-related problems. Fruits are abundant in phenolic compounds, providing them with particularly powerful antioxidants. Lipid oxidation is inhibited, allowing meat products to have an extended shelf life when enriched with fruit-derived components. The present study explores the potential of bioactive compounds derived from fruits, specifically phenolics, to improve the quality of meat products by virtue of their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and color-stabilizing qualities. In this review, the effects of 18 fruits on oxidative stability, antimicrobial activity, and color enhancement in meat products were investigated. The first section of this paper focuses on a presentation of the phytochemical composition and overall biological characteristics of the fruits. The thiobarbituric acid test, the peroxide value, and oxidative protein changes were used to assess oxidative stability. By scavenging free radicals or chelating metals, the phenolic compounds not only prevent lipid peroxidation but also protect myoglobin from oxidation, thereby improving the color of meat substitutes. Phenolic compounds provide antimicrobial actions by compromising bacterial cell walls, disrupting membrane integrity, or inhibiting essential enzymes necessary for microbial growth. Fruit extracts have shown effectiveness against foodborne pathogens and spoiling bacteria. Adding fruits to meat products is a promising way to improve their nutritional profile, sustainability, and quality. In order to guarantee consumer safety, future studies must concentrate on thorough toxicological analyses of fruit extracts meant to be used in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the main daily food items consumed around the world, particularly in the Mediterranean region, and it has unique organoleptic properties. This study aims to determine the best frying conditions of EVOO supplemented with natural exogenous antioxidants enriched in hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) and its derivatives from olive fruit extract (OFE) to conserve its positive sensorial attributes while minimizing its sensorial defects, in particular, rancidity under high thermal processes. In this study, an experienced panel assessed the sensory attributes of nine EVOO varieties, olive oil 0.4° (mixed virgin olive oil (VOO) with refined olive oil (ROO)), Orujo olive oil, and olive oil 1° (EVOO mixed with ROO), compared with two sunflower oil types, performed using a deep-frying (D-F) process with numerous variables, i.e., frying time, frying temperature, and the addition of polyphenols enriched with HTyr. Results showed that most EVOO samples were stable under D-F at 170 °C for 3 h, with added polyphenols (∼650 mg/kg). Moreover, at these best values, the results stated that Arbequina, Picual, Royuella, Hojiblanca, Arbosana, and Manzanilla oils have low rancidity scores with values of 0, 1.7, 1.8, 2.3, 3.1, and 3.7, respectively, and stable/higher positive sensorial attributes, i.e., fruity, bitter, and pungent properties; however, olive oil 1° and olive oil 0.4° have high rancidity and low positive sensorial attributes. Notably, OFE helps maintain bitterness close to control in Picual, Koroneiki, Empeltre, and Arbosana oils. Furthermore, amongst the 19 tested sensory descriptors, only 8 descriptors—namely, fusty/muddy sediment, winey/vinegary/acid/sour, frostbitten olives (wet wood), rancid, fruity (green), fruity (ripe), bitter, and pungent—were successfully developed to allow characterization of the sensory quality of various olive oil categories under D-F. The present research confirmed that OFE may be used to provide stable EVOOs with higher positive sensorial qualities and lower defects and could be used as a natural antioxidant and promising strategy during the D-F process with EVOOs, not only for domestic practices but also at the industrial level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bitter orange is a citrus fruit rich in bioactive compounds, but its waste is currently underutilized. One potential solution is to encapsulate these bioactive compounds. This research aims to synthesize gelatin nanoparticles loaded with an ethanolic extract of bitter orange peel and to evaluate their in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Coaxial electrospray was used to encapsulate the ethanolic extract of bitter orange with bovine gelatin as wall material, considering a voltage of 15 kV, a wall solution flow rate of 0.1 mL/h, and a core solution flow rate of 0.08 mL/h. Characterization of the nanoparticles was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity by the DPPH•, ABTS•+, and FRAP assays. Antibacterial activity was assessed by the well diffusion technique on Mueller–Hinton agar against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteria. SEM images confirmed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape, while FT-IR analysis indicated that the incorporation of the extract did not alter the amide bonds of the gelatin protein. The nanoparticles containing the extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity and heightened inhibition against E. coli O157:H7, indicating their potential food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaeagnus latifolia (EL) is a wild fruit known for containing several health-promoting compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of EL fruit extract on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. Mice fed an HFD and given EL fruit extract for 10 weeks exhibited significantly lower body weight, reduced lipid accumulation, diminished oxidative stress in adipocytes, and decreased macrophage infiltration compared to those not receiving the EL extract. Moreover, the EL fruit extract activated the transcription factors Pparg and Cebpa, initiating adipogenesis and modulating the expression of NF-κB/Nrf-2-induced target genes. This resulted in smaller adipocyte size, reduced inflammation, and less oxidative stress in HFD-fed mice. In vitro, the EL extract induced a shift in macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2, reduced IκBα/NF-κB phosphorylation, and effectively decreased energy production in macrophages by downregulating the expression of several proteins involved in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This mechanistic study suggests that administering EL fruit extract could be an effective strategy for managing obesity and its associated pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethanolic extract of Carissa carandas L. (ECE) inhibited the enzyme tyrosinase, enhanced the proliferation of normal human dermal fibroblast cells, and increased the formation of collagen type I, indicating possible anti-aging and whitening effects. However, the stratum corneum acts as a rate-limiting stage in the absorption of herbal extracts through the skin, resulting in limited absorption of ECE via the skin, which affects the efficacy of ECE. The purpose of this study was to develop ECE encapsulated in transethosomes for improved skin penetration as a novel brightening and anti-aging cosmeceutical ingredient. Transethosomes were successfully developed using the sonication technique, with a suitable formulation including 1.00% (w/w) phosphatidylcholine, 0.10% (w/w) polysorbate 80 and 28.55% (v/v) ethanol. The physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficacy, in vitro skin permeation and toxicity of ECE-loaded transethosomes were also investigated. The result showed that the percentages of encapsulation of ECE loaded in transethosomes increased slightly with higher concentrations of the ECE. When compared to the liquid extract, the ECE loaded in transethosomes significantly increased (p < 0.05) skin penetration. Furthermore, ECE loaded with transethosomes showed low cytotoxicity in normal human dermal fibroblast cells and caused no skin irritation when evaluated on reconstructed human epidermal skin. Given these abilities, it is evident that transethosomes containing ECE are highly effective anti-aging and skin-whitening agents, making them a promising new cosmeceutical ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton lavender (Santolina chamaecyparissus L., Asteraceae) is a widespread medicinal and ornamental plant. This study aimed to evaluate the preliminary and detailed chemical composition as well as the biological activity of ethanolic extract. As part of the preliminary characterization, the content of total phenolics and flavonoids was determined, while the detailed characterization was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was evaluated through four different tests: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH•), and nitroso (NO•) radicals, and lipid peroxidation (LP), as well as antihyperglycemic potential through the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. Additionally, in silico molecular modeling was employed to link the chemical composition to the antihyperglycemic potential. Chemical characterization showed that cotton lavender is a valuable source of phenolic compounds, with ferulic and p-coumaric acids being the most abundant. Moreover, the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract was demonstrated in vitro. The potential mechanism of the antihyperglycemic effect is the inhibition of the enzyme α-glucosidase, which was further investigated in silico using molecular modeling methods. This analysis suggested rutin and quercetin as compounds responsible for anti-α-glucosidase activity. Cotton lavender ethanolic extracts, as a valuable source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, possess moderate antioxidant effects and notable antihyperglycemic activity. According to in vitro and in silico investigations, it could be a valuable herbal supplement to complement diabetes treatment in medicinal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silybin, which belongs to the flavonolignan group, is the major component of the fruit extract of Silybum marianum (common name: milk thistle). Silybin is a medicinal compound with hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. In this study, silybin derivatives were produced through γ-radiolysis, and their tyrosinase inhibitory activities were evaluated to explore the enhanced activities of silybin derivatives compared to silybin (1). Isosilandrin (2) and 2,3-dehydrosilybin (3) were obtained from a silybin sample irradiated at 300 kGy. The optimal dose showed significant changes in radiolysis product content. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited an IC50 of 274.6 and 109.5 μM, respectively, which are more potent than that of 1 (IC50 > 500 μM). In addition, a molecular docking simulation revealed the binding affinity of these compounds to tyrosinase and their mechanisms of inhibition. Thus, γ-irradiation is an effective method for structural modification of silybin. We also demonstrated that 2,3-dehydrosilybin is a potential tyrosinase inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the protective effects of chokeberry fruit products and by-products against cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats. Potential mechanisms involving oxidative stress and inflammatory responses were examined through biochemical and histopathological analyses of kidney tissue. Chokeberry waste, along with the whole fruit extract and juice, was evaluated as a potential raw material for pharmaceutical use. The chemical composition of chokeberry juice and extracts was analyzed using spectrophotometry and HPLC. Rats were treated with chokeberry preparations via intragastric tube for ten days, with a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (8 mg/kg BW) administered on the third day. Post-sacrifice, plasma samples were analyzed for biochemical nephrotoxicity markers, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Kidneys were removed for histopathological and biochemical analysis. Cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity was confirmed by elevated plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Additionally, lipid peroxidation was significantly elevated, while reduced glutathione and catalase activity were significantly reduced. Pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were significantly increased in the cisplatin group. Treatment with chokeberry extracts and juice significantly mitigated these nephrotoxic effects, as confirmed by histopathological examination and biochemical marker analysis. Notably, the waste extract demonstrated greater efficacy than the whole fruit extract, likely due to its higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins. These results highlight the potential of chokeberry as a therapeutic and preventive agent for kidney protection, emphasizing the value of by-products rich in biologically active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinacia oleracea L. cultivar platypus leaves are identified as a functional food due to their nutrient composition which promotes health beyond basic nutrition. Considering the increasing use of food supplements, S. oleracea baby leaves have been extracted by maceration, solid–liquid dynamic extraction (SLDE)-Naviglio, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using EtOH and EtOH:H2O mixtures. The analysis of the extracts by using LC-ESI/HRMSMS revealed 42 compounds (flavonoids, polar lipid derivatives, and 20-hydroxyecdysone), along with primary metabolites, detected by NMR analysis. A principal component analysis (PCA) of LC-ESI/HRMS and NMR data was performed, revealing how 20-hydroxyecdysone and flavonoids, the specialized metabolites mainly responsible for the biological activity of S. oleracea leaves, occurred in the highest amount in the EtOH and EtOH:H2O (70:30, v/v) extracts obtained by SLDE-Naviglio extraction. 20-hydroxyecdysone was also quantified in all the extracts via LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS using the Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) method. The EtOH extracts obtained by SLDE-Naviglio and maceration showed the highest content (82.16 and 81.27 mg/g extract, respectively). The total phenolic content (118.35–206.60 mg GAE/g), the flavonoid content (10.90–41.05 mg rutin/g), and the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) (1.63–2.05 mM) of the extracts were determined. The EtOH:H2O (70:30, v/v) extract analyzed by using SLDE-Naviglio showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies were conducted focusing on the drying of chili pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.), cultivar Cyklon, using convective (AD), convective-microwave (AMD), vacuum (VD), and freeze-drying (FD) methods. The influence of the drying method and temperature on the kinetics of the process and selected quality attributes of the dried product were evaluated. It was demonstrated that the Midilli model best described the drying kinetics for all methods across the entire measurement range. FD and VD produced dried products with the highest brightness and the greatest value of the a* color parameter. The lowest b* color parameter was observed for the product dried using FD at 40 °C, while the highest b* value was noted for samples dried using AMD (100 W) at 60 °C. The highest carotenoid retention was achieved with the FD method at 40 °C, while the lowest carotenoid content was found in the product obtained using the AMD method (100 W) at 60 °C. The smallest losses of capsaicinoids were observed after FD drying at 40 °C, while the largest were found for AMD (100 W) at 60 °C. The analysis of chili pepper fruit extracts revealed the quantitative composition of 12 main phenolic compounds using the UHPLC-UV method. The highest polyphenol content was obtained with FD, while the lowest total polyphenol content was recorded after AD. Regardless of temperature, the total flavonoid content was highest in extracts from FD products, and the lowest flavonoid content was found after AMD at 100 W. For all drying methods analyzed, the total flavonoid content in the pepper extracts decreased with increasing temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores for the first time the impact of chitosan (CS) with varying molecular weights (MW), orange peel extract concentration, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) content on the formulation of buccal tablets for treating oral infections. Utilizing a statistical design of experiments (DoE), nine different formulations were evaluated for mechanical properties, dissolution behavior, mucoadhesion, and biological activity. A formulation with high CS MW, 60% orange peel extract, and 8% HPMC, emerged as the optimal formulation, demonstrating superior tabletability, compressibility, and compactibility. Dissolution studies indicated that hesperidin release followed the Higuchi model, with higher extract content enhancing this phenomenon. Mucoadhesion improved with increased HPMC and CS concentrations, although higher extract content reduced bioadhesion. Biological assays showed that higher extract levels boosted antioxidant activity, while CS primarily contributed to anti-inflammatory effects. The optimized formulation exhibited broad antimicrobial activity against key oral pathogens, surpassing the effectiveness of the individual components. Principal component analysis (PCA) further confirmed the significant influence of extract content on tablet properties. These findings suggest that the optimized tablet formulation holds promise for effective buccal delivery in the treatment of oral infections, warranting further investigation in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enzyme-assisted approaches for plant phenolics extraction are more eco-friendly methods compared to acid or alkaline hydrolysis. Carbohydrase enzymes can release free phenolics from plant materials by cleaving the glycosidic bonds between phenolic compounds and cell wall polymers. In this study, the efficiency of carbohydrase-assisted treatment approaches was evaluated to extract bioactive phenolics from hawthorn (Crataegus orientalis) fruit residues. Enzymatic treatment of the fruits was operated by using a crude cellulolytic enzyme cocktail from Rhizomucor miehei NRRL 5282 and a pectinase preparate from Aspergillus niger. Both cellulase and combined cellulase–pectinase treatments improved the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of extracts. The TPC increased to 1899 ± 27 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry matter during the combined enzyme treatment, showing a strong correlation with the average antioxidant capacity determined by ferric-reducing antioxidant power (1.7-fold increment) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (1.15-fold increment) reagents. The major phenolics in enzyme-treated extracts were vanillic and ferulic acids, the concentrations of which increased 115.6-fold and 93.9-fold, respectively, during carbohydrase treatment. The planktonic growth of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Chromobacterium violaceum was slightly inhibited by the extracts with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 15.0 and 77.9 mg/mL, while the yeasts tested were quite resistant to the samples. B. subtilis and yeast biofilms were sensitive to the enzyme-treated extracts, which also showed quorum-sensing inhibitory effects against C. violaceum. The obtained bioactive hawthorn extracts hold potential as a natural source of antioxidants and antimicrobials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a detailed bibliometric analysis of research on medicinal plant extracts conducted over the past decade, with a focus on their therapeutic applications. Using the Scopus database, 1105 publications from 2014 to 2024 were analyzed to uncover trends in publication volume, collaboration networks, and research clusters. The analysis revealed a steady annual growth rate of 1.98%, with most studies concentrating on the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of plant extracts, particularly those containing bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The study also highlighted the increasing international collaborations in the field, with 30.84% of the documents featuring cross-border co-authorship. Leading contributors to this research include India, China, and Italy, whose researchers and institutions have played a significant role in advancing the field. The widespread use of advanced analytical techniques, including High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, has enhanced the identification and characterization of bioactive molecules. Keywords such as "plant extract", "antioxidant activity", and "phytochemistry" were the most frequently occurring, reflecting dominant research themes. Additionally, the h-index analysis showed that 59 of the documents had received at least 59 citations, highlighting the significant impact of this body of research. The study underscores the growing role of phytochemicals in the development of alternative therapies for chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. These findings provide a roadmap for future research, encouraging further exploration of plant-based therapies with an emphasis on sustainability, bioactive compound efficacy, and global collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins are a major threat to animal and human health, as well as to the global feed supply chain. Among them, aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, T-2 toxins, deoxynivalenol, and Alternaria toxins are the most common mycotoxins found in animal feed, with genotoxic, cytotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects that concern the animal industry. The chronic negative effects of mycotoxins on animal health and production and the negative economic impact on the livestock industry make it crucial to develop and implement solutions to mitigate mycotoxins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mycotoxicosis effect in livestock animals as a result of their contaminated diet. In addition, we discuss the potential of five promising phytogenics (curcumin, silymarin, grape pomace, olive pomace, and orange peel extracts) with demonstrated positive effects on animal performance and health, to present them as potential anti-mycotoxin solutions. We describe the composition and the main promising characteristics of these bioactive compounds that can exert beneficial effects on animal health and performance, and how these phytogenic feed additives can help to alleviate mycotoxins' deleterious effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cranberry fruit extracts have been shown to inhibit expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells and reduce colonic tumor burden and tissue inflammation in a mouse model of colitis. These activities are attributed to both the triterpenoid and polyphenol constituents of the fruit. The pentacyclic triterpenoids ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA), corosolic acid (CA), maslinic acid (MA), and esters of UA and OA occur in the waxy layer of cranberry peel, and their content in cranberry products is likely to vary with the fruit source and processing methods. UPLC-MS (ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) was applied to determine the four triterpenoid acids and their esters in cranberry products and raw materials. Cranberry pomace, a side stream in juice production, was a rich source at 64,090 µg total triterpenoids/g DW. Cranberry juice beverages ranged from 0.018 to 0.26 µg/g of product, fruit samples ranged from 6542 to 17,070 µg/g DW, and whole berry products contained up to 2665 µg/g DW. Free UA was the most plentiful triterpenoid in all samples. These analyses illustrate the potential value of an underutilized side stream in cranberry juice production and highlight potential benefits of whole fruit products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive flavonoid epicatechin has been reported in the peel of litchi fruit but isolated from its hydroalcoholic extracts. This study isolated epicatechin with cellular glucose uptake modulatory and ROS production inhibitory properties from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract using a bioassay-guided approach. The fruit peel was defatted with hexane and sequentially extracted using dichloromethane (DCM), EtOAc, methanol (MeOH) and water. In vitro phytochemical models, namely antioxidant (Fe3+ reducing, radical scavenging and anti-linoleic acid peroxidative) and glycaemic control (α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory and glucose uptake modulatory), were employed for the bioassay-guided isolation, while the isolated compound was characterised using NMR and mass spectrometry and assessed for dose-dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cellular ROS production, as well as modulation of cellular glucose uptake. Relative to the other extracts, the EtOAc extract had appreciable phenol and flavonoid contents, which perhaps influenced its potent anti-lipid peroxidative (65.0%) and α-glucosidase inhibitory (52.4%) effects. The α-glucosidase inhibitory potency of the fractions (1–8) from the EtOAc extracts correlated with their flavonoid contents, with fraction 5 outperforming other fractions. The fraction comprised a pool of fractions obtained from the DCM:MeOH:water (7:3:0.281 v/v/v) solvent system. LC-MS revealed the predominant presence of epicatechin in fraction 5, which was later isolated from one of the sub-fractions (sub-fraction 4) of fraction 5. This sub-fraction had stronger anti-lipid peroxidative (65.5%), α-glucosidase inhibitory (65.8%) and glucose uptake modulatory (38.2%) effects than the other sub-fractions from fraction 5, which could have been influenced by the isolated epicatechin. Moreover, the isolated epicatechin inhibited α-glucosidase (IC50 = 35.3 µM), modulated cellular glucose uptake (EC50 = 78.5 µM) and inhibited LPS-induced ROS production in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent fashion [IC50 = 18.9 µM; statistically comparable (p > 0.05) to ascorbic acid, IC50 = 9.57 µM]. Epicatechin from litchi peel EtOAc extract could potentiate glucose uptake modulatory, α-glucosidase inhibitory and ROS suppressive capacities, which could be influential in the use of litchi fruit peel for managing diabetes and associated oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial "Achievements in Applications of Antioxidants and Bioactive Compounds in Food: From Agriculture to Health Benefits" discusses the increasing popularity of natural foods and additives due to health concerns, emphasizing the health-promoting qualities of bioactive compounds found in various plants and superfoods. The focus is on utilizing waste from the agrifood sector to reduce waste, conserve resources, and create value-added products. Studies explore the antioxidant properties and processing potential of medicinal herbs and underutilized bioresources for developing products in various sectors, such as nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods. The issue also addresses the development of new active antioxidant packaging systems to protect food and bioactive ingredients. [Extracted from the article]

Consumers are increasingly concerned about cosmetic ingredients' origin, looking more than ever to sustainable and greener formulations. The Natural Park of Montesinho, located in Portugal, is characterized by an enormous fauna and flora diversity. Among them, beeswax and strawberry trees (Arbutus unedo) have attracted the cosmetic researchers' interest due to their bioactive compounds' richness, particularly fatty acids and phenolic compounds. The main goal of this study was to develop an innovative cosmetic product with antioxidant properties composed by both matrices. Briefly, samples were obtained in the Natural Park of Montesinho in October 2022. Beeswax was analysed for lipid profile and contaminants, while extracts were obtained from fruits by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using water as a solvent. The effect of extraction time (15–90 min) was studied on the total phenolic content (TPC), in vitro antioxidant/antiradical activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity. The beeswax lipid profile presented a high incidence of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids. The extract obtained at 60 min presented the highest TPC (30.27 mg GAE/g dw) and antioxidant/antiradical activities (ABTS = 30.36 mg AAE/g dw; DPPH = 43.83 mg TE/g dw; FRAP = 415.61 µmol FSE/g dw). An IC50 of 19.78 µg/mL was achieved for the hypochlorous acid, while for superoxide radical and peroxyl radical the IC50 were, respectively, 90.51 µg/mL and 0.19 µmol TE/mg dw. The phytochemical profile revealed a high content of gallic acid, and catechin and its derivatives. The hydrophilic cream developed revealed ideal technological parameters, particularly its stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for natural compounds as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants and conservans has led to the utilization of secondary plant metabolites in the food industry, as these bioactive compounds possess great antioxidative and antimicrobial properties without side effects on human health. Despite this, the sensitivity of plant-derived compounds is a restrictive factor in terms of their full potential. The current research aimed to characterize rosehip-fruit-extract-loaded liposomes (non-treated and UV-irradiated) in terms of their density, surface tension, viscosity, chemical composition (FTIR and HPLC analyses), and thermal behavior. In the storage stability study, the vesicle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, conductivity, and mobility of the liposomes were monitored. FTIR analysis confirmed that the plant compounds were successfully loaded within the carrier, while no chemical reaction between the rosehip fruit extract and phospholipids was detected. The results of the HPLC analysis evidence the high potential for liposomal encapsulation to protect sensitive bioactives in the rosehip fruit extract from the degrading effect of UV irradiation. The size of the rosehip-fruit-extract-encapsulated liposomes increased on the seventh day of storage from 250 nm to 300 nm, while the zeta potential values were between −21 mV and −30 mV in the same period and further stabilized over 60 days of monitoring. In Vitro release studies in water and simulated gastrointestinal fluids showed that the presence of enzymes and bile salts (in intestinal fluid) enhanced the rosehip–polyphenol permeability from liposomes (70.3% after 6 h) compared with their release in water after 24 h and in gastric fluid after 4 h (38.9% and 41.4%, respectively). The obtained results indicate that the proliposome method was an effective method for rosehip fruit extract liposomal encapsulation and for the delivery of these plant-derived bioactives in foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discarded unripe kiwifruits (DUKs) are regarded as the major agro-byproducts in the production of kiwifruits, which have abundantly valuable secondary metabolites. Nevertheless, owing to the limited knowledge about the differences in phytochemicals and bioactivity between DUKs and mature kiwifruits, the utilization of DUKs in the food industry remains scarce. Hence, to promote their food applications, the phenolic compounds and bioactivity of discarded unripe, mature, and overripe fruits from three red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars were studied and compared. The results revealed that the levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total procyanidins in kiwifruits varied significantly by maturity stage. In addition, our findings demonstrated that DUKs possessed much higher contents of valuable phenolic compounds (e.g., chlorogenic acid (CHA), neochlorogenic acid (NCHA), gallic acid (GA), protocatechuic acid (PA), procyanidin B1 (ProcB1), procyanidin B2 (ProcB2), procyanidin C1 (ProcC1), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (QueG), and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (QueR)) than mature and overripe kiwifruits. Furthermore, DUKs exerted much stronger in vitro antioxidant capacity, inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase, and anti-inflammatory activity than mature and overripe kiwifruits, which were mainly attributed to their higher contents of total polyphenols and individual phenolic components, such as GA, CHA, NCHA, PA, ProcB1, ProcB2, ProcC1, and QueR. Overall, these findings provide sufficient evidence for the development and utilization of DUKs in the food/functional food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Cu2O nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol–gel technique and subsequently functionalized with extracts from plants of the Rauvolfioideae subfamily and citrus fruits. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, BET, SEM, and TEM, were employed to evaluate the structural and surface properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. The results demonstrated that both functionalized Cu2O nanoparticles exhibit mesoporous structures, as confirmed by nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and the pore size distribution analysis. The green extract functionalized nanoparticles displayed a more uniform pore size distribution compared to those functionalized with the orange extract. The study underscores the potential of these functionalized Cu2O nanoparticles for applications in drug delivery, catalysis, and adsorption processes, highlighting the influence of the functionalization method on their textural properties and performance in antibacterial efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae) is a well-recognized medicinal plant with recorded therapeutical attributes. However, a thorough assessment of active compounds in its fruits is lacking, limiting their use and valorization in pharmacological industries. Methods: Thus, this study investigated variations in the fruits' secondary metabolite (SM) profiles, as well as antioxidant activities in aqueous (WA) and ethanol (ET) extracts. Results: Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry identified 541 SMs, of which 14 and 1 (di-O-glucosylquinic acid) were specifically detected in ET and WA, respectively. Phenolic acids (36.97%), flavonoids (28.10%), terpenoids (12.20%), and alkaloids (9.98%) were the dominant SMs. The SM profiles of the fruits in WA and ET were quite different. We revealed 198 differentially extracted (DE) metabolites between WA and ET, including 62 flavonoids, 57 phenolic acids, 45 terpenoids, 14 alkaloids, etc. Most DE flavones (36 out of 40), terpenoids (45 out of 45), and alkaloids (12 out of 14) had higher content in ET. Catechin and its derivatives, procyanidins, and tannins had higher content in WA. ABTS and DPPH assays showed that the antioxidant activity of ET was significantly higher than that of WA. Conclusions: Our findings will facilitate the efficient extraction and evaluation of specific active compounds in N. cadamba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sour and sweet cherries were evaluated as functional components in bread-making because of their bioactive microconstituent content. Five forms of enrichment for each fruit, including the hydroalcoholic extract, lyophilized pulverized fruit, lyophilized extract, and their combinations, were used for supplementation. The physicochemical (pH, color, moisture, rheology, and texture) and sensory properties of dough and bread were assessed in different environments (biological and chemical leavening). Sour cherry in pulverized and extract forms showed higher phenolic content than sweet cherry, especially in the pulverized form. The viscoelasticity of the doughs varied based on the proofing environment and the fortification form. Chemically leavened doughs exhibited higher moduli (G′, G″), complex viscosity (η*), and hardness. Biologically leavened doughs had a lower pH, influencing color, and swelling percentage, which is linked to the enrichment form and phenolic content. Extract-fortified doughs displayed increased G′, η*, and hardness compared to the control, whereas yeast-leavened doughs showed reduced swelling ability. Physicochemical changes were more significant in the yeast-leavened systems, which also scored higher on the sensory evaluations. Supplementing bakery products with bioactive fruit components enhances antioxidant status, but the enrichment form and proofing conditions significantly affect the physicochemical and sensory properties of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Discarded young fig fruits (DYFFs) result in a waste of resources, such as sparse fruits and residual fruits, and there has been no research on the relationship between phenolic compounds and biological activity in DYFFs (2) Methods: Different deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and 80% ethanol were used to prepare DYFF extracts, and polyphenol extraction efficiency and bioactivities in the DYFFs extracts were compared. (3) Results: More than 1700 phytochemicals were identified in DYFFs, and thirteen of these typical phenolic compounds were analyzed quantitatively; chlorogenic acid, rutin, luteolin 8-C-glucoside, and epicatechin are the main polyphenols in DYFFs, especially chlorogenic acid with 2720–7980 mg/kg. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, (+)-catechin, luteolin 8-C-glucoside, rutin, hesperetin, and chlorogenic acid showed different degrees of correlation with in vitro antioxidant activity. Moreover, the highest total phenol content found in the extracts of ChCl-Ethylene glycol (Choline chloride:Ethylene glycol = 1:2) was 8.88 mg GAE/g DW, and all quantitatively analyzed phenolic compounds had high levels in various DESs and 80% ethanol. The 80% ethanol and Choline chloride (ChCl) solvent system showed the greatest antioxidant properties, and the Choline chloride-Urea (Choline chloride: Urea = 1:2) extract of DYFFs exhibited the highest inhibitory activity. (4) Conclusions: DESs have demonstrated potential as promising green solvents, especially the ChCl solvent system, which facilitates the extraction of polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of flavonols, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, triterpene compounds, and chlorogenic acid in small cranberry fruit samples collected in natural habitats in Lithuania and variation in the antioxidant capacity of cranberry fruit extracts was determined. This study showed that in the flavonol group, hyperoside and myricetin-3-O-galactoside predominated in cranberry fruit samples; in the anthocyanin group, the predominant compounds were cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, peonidin-3-O-galactoside, and peonidin-3-O-arabinoside, and in the group of triterpene compounds, ursolic acid was predominant. The highest total amounts of flavonols and anthocyanins were found in the samples collected in Čepkeliai State Strict Nature Reserve (2079.44 ± 102.99 μg/g and 6993.79 ± 350.22 μg/g, respectively). Cluster analysis of the chemical composition of small cranberry fruit samples revealed trends in the accumulation of bioactive compounds in cranberry fruit. Cranberry fruit samples collected in central Lithuania had higher levels of triterpene compounds. Statistical correlation analysis showed the strongest correlation between the quantitative composition of cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside and peonidin-3-O-arabinoside and the reducing capacity of the ethanolic extracts of the cranberry fruit samples assessed in vitro by the FRAP assay (r = 0.882, p < 0.01 and r = 0.805, p < 0.01, respectively). Summarizing the results, the geographical factor affects the variation of the quantitative composition of biologically active compounds in cranberry fruit samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of the antioxidant extract from lemon by-products (Citrus × Limon L.) integrated into an edible alginate-based coating was evaluated to preserve the storage quality of ready-to-eat Clementine (Citrus × Clementina) fruits. The effects of different coatings (1.5% of alginate and 1.5% of alginate + 2–4% of lemon by-product extract) were assessed by the physical, chemical, microbiological, sensorial, and structural analyses of ready-to-eat Clementine fruits stored for 21 d at 4 °C. Ready-to-eat Clementine fruits coated with alginate and extract from lemon by-products showed greater levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and organic acids. A microbiological analysis revealed the dose-dependent effect of the extract to contrast the growth of mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and molds during storage. A sensory analysis confirmed that the enriched coating improved the visual, structural, and olfactory parameters until the end of storage. The evidence in this study proves that an antioxidant extract from lemon by-products is a great sustainable treatment to preserve ready-to-eat fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to design microcapsules with a core of blueberry fruit extracts (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) using the ionotropic gelation method and then assess the effect of the type of extracts used and the combination of polymers on the profile of phenolic compounds, their in vitro bioavailability, stability during storage, as well as their antioxidant characteristics and cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells while assessing biocompatibility against normal colon epithelial cells. Encapsulation efficiency (EE), ranging from 8.79 to 74.55%, significantly depended on the extract used and the type of carrier. It was shown that the addition of pectin (Pect) and whey protein isolate (WPI) to alginate (Alg) improved the efficiency of the encapsulation process. For this version of microcapsules, the highest antioxidant activity, phenolic compound content and their stability during storage were also demonstrated. The estimated content of phenolic compounds ranged from 0.48 to 40.07 mg/g, and the dominant compound was cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. In turn, the highest bioavailability of these compounds and the highest cytotoxic activity against cancer cells were characterized by microcapsules with Alg and WPI. Nevertheless, good biocompatibility with normal colon epithelial cells was demonstrated for all versions of microcapsules. The obtained data indicate that the tested variants of microcapsules protect the bioactive compounds of blueberry fruit extracts, which translates into maintaining their health-promoting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional foods and the nutritional value of products are now very relevant for consumers. Additionally, interest in biodegradable components made from natural products has recently increased. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different package types (with addition of films made of biopolymers enriched with natural extracts of ginger, cinnamon, and turmeric) on antioxidative properties of conventional, organic, and wild-grown raspberry fruit during frozen storage for 1-, 4-, 8-, and 12-month periods. The content of total polyphenol and anthocyanins, as well as antioxidant activity, were studied. Additionally, structural (FT-IR and UV-Vis), mechanical (tensile strength and elongation), and surface wetting angle tests of used films were studied. In all crop types, polyphenol content increased at 8 and 12 months of frozen storage in packages with an addition of biopolymer films. There was a statistically significant increase in the amount of total polyphenols in the last month of storage in the package with films with added cinnamon extract. In contrast, packages with ginger-enriched films contributed to an increase in polyphenols only in organically grown and wild raspberry fruit at the 4th, 8th, and 12th month and 8th and 12th month, respectively. The addition of films with turmeric extract increased the polyphenol content in the 8th month of frozen storage of organically grown raspberry fruit and in the 12th month of wild-grown raspberry. During frozen storage of wild raspberry fruit, an increase in anthocyanin content was observed in all cases in the 12th month. This result was almost twice as high as in the control sample. The greatest rise in the content of anthocyanins occurred when packages with films with turmeric extract were applied. Tendencies presented by this paper are not clear-cut in cases of antioxidant activity of analysed raspberries. A common feature was that, in general, after 12 months of storage, raspberries from all crops had higher and statistically significant antioxidant values compared to the first month of storage. Studies on the biocomposite films have shown that the structure of chitosan and alginate polymers was partly decomposed after 12 months, and the natural extracts and raspberry crops used had different effects on the mechanical properties of the biocomposites films. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that it has not been clearly proven whether the addition of polysaccharide films to packages contributes to the increase in bioactive compounds during frozen storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climacteric symptoms, as well as postmenopausal estrogen deficiency, have been associated with many psychological problems and the risk of osteoporosis and heart disease. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the dose-dependent effect of water chestnut (WC), also known as Trapa bicornis, a fruit extract, on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced menopause in ICR mice. After bilateral OVX surgery, 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg of WC and 200 mg/kg of pomegranate concentrate powder (PCP) were administered orally for 84 days from 4 weeks after OVX operation. Then, anti-climacteric activities were evaluated in five groups: (1) estrogenic, (2) anti-obesity, (3) hypolipidemic, (4) hepatoprotective, and (5) anti-osteoporosis effects. Different biochemical assays, histopathological and morphological inspections, and mRNA expression findings showed that OVX-induced estrogen deficiency-related AMPK decrease was associated with climacteric symptoms such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and osteoporosis in ICR mice. However, these climacteric effects were reversed in OVX rats by treating them with WC at a dose relative to the same dose of PCP in OVX-ICR mice (200 and 100 mg/kg). Water chestnut fruit extract demonstrated promise as a complementary treatment for menopausal symptoms, indicating possible uses in the health of women through supplements or prescription drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tamarillo, or Solanum betaceum, recognized for its comprehensive nutritional profile, has long been valued for its diverse ethnobotanical uses. This study delves into the potential therapeutic applications of S. betaceum by analyzing its polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), anti-skin aging activities against key enzymes like elastase, tyrosinase, and hyaluronidase, and its cytotoxic effects on oral carcinoma cells. Extracts from the seeds, pulp, and peel of red and yellow fruits were prepared using methanol, ethanol, and acetone. The highest TPC was found in the methanol extract from red fruit seeds (9.89 mg GAE/g), and the highest TFC was found in the methanol extract of yellow fruit peel (3.02 mg QUE/g). Some of these extracts significantly inhibited skin aging-associated enzymes with the red fruit seed extract (100 μg/mL) showing up to 50.4% inhibition of tyrosinase. Additionally, the red fruit seed extract obtained using methanol demonstrated potential anticancer effects against Ca9-22 oral carcinoma cells by inhibiting cell survival, migration, and proliferation as well as inducing apoptosis. These results underscore the potential of S. betaceum fruit extracts, especially from red fruit seeds, as promising agents for anti-skin aging and anticancer applications, meriting further exploration for therapeutic uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote environmental development and sustain resource circularity, recycling metals from electronic waste is essential. Electronic waste is a significant secondary source of metals, with its production increasing rapidly and most remaining unrecycled. In solar panels, copper is the second-most-valuable metal after silver. We propose an innovative method to recycle copper from waste solar panels and convert it into copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using a green synthesis method. Synthesizing CuONPs is advantageous due to their large surface area compared to bulk material. Nitric acid, a strong oxidizing agent, was used to leach copper from solid copper wires in waste solar panels. A green synthesis method, following a bottom-up approach, was employed using Piper nigrum fruit extract to synthesize CuONPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various qualitative and quantitative techniques. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the formation of CuONPs, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical with sizes up to 60 nm. Biomolecules from the Piper nigrum extract were detected on the surface of the crystalline CuONPs. These nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus using a well-diffusion method, showing a larger zone of inhibition for E. coli compared to S. aureus. This research demonstrates the complete recovery of copper from waste solar panels and its conversion into useful CuONPs, which have potential medicinal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated three green extraction methods, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and laser irradiation extraction (LE), for the polyphenolic compounds and vitamin C extraction of Cornus mas L. and Crataegus monogyna fruit extracts. The polyphenols and vitamin C of extracts were quantified using HPLC-DAD, and the total phenolic content, flavonoid content, antioxidant activity (DPPH and reducing power), and antidiabetic activity were also studied. The antidiabetic activity was examined by the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and in vitro on a beta TC cell line (β-TC-6). The results showed significant differentiation in the extraction yield between the methods used, with the ASE and LE presenting the highest values. The C. mas fruit extract obtained by ASE exhibited the best antioxidant activity, reaching an IC50 value of 31.82 ± 0.10 µg/mL in the DPPH assay and 33.95 ± 0.20 µg/mL in the reducing power assay. The C. mas fruit extracts obtained by ASE and LE also have the highest inhibitory activity on enzymes associated with metabolic disorders: α-amylase (IC50 = 0.44 ± 0.02 µg/mL for the extract obtained by ASE, and 0.11 ± 0.01 µg/mL for the extract obtained by LE at combined wavelengths of 1270 + 1550 nm) and α-glucosidase (IC50 of 77.1 ± 3.1 µg/mL for the extract obtained by ASE, and 98.2 ± 4.7 µg/mL for the extract obtained by LE at combined wavelengths of 1270 + 1550 nm). The evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic activity demonstrated that the treatment with C. mas and C. monogyna fruit extracts obtained using ASE stimulated the insulin secretion of β-TC-6 cells, both under normal conditions and hyperglycemic conditions, as well. All results suggest that C. mas and C. monogyna fruit extracts are good sources of bioactive molecules with antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blueberries are rich in a variety of functional substances and have high nutritional and health values, but they are not resistant to decline during fresh storage. Here, the effects of six Bacillus species on the storage quality of, and antioxidant levels in, the southern highbush blueberry 'O'Neal' fruit were investigated. Bacillus treatments reduced the fruit decay rate, slowed fruit quality decline, inhibited malondialdehyde accumulation, and increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity levels. Bacillus altitudinis Y-14 had the best effect overall. Furthermore, the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), B. altitudinis Y-14, and 1-MCP + B. altitudinis Y-14 treatments on the storage quality and antioxidant of rabbiteye blueberry 'Brightwell' fruit were investigated, and each treatment effectively reduced the decay rate and weight loss of fruit. When stored for 25 days, the decay rate of the 1-MCP + B. altitudinis Y-14 group was only 8.33%, significantly lower than that of the control. The three treatments delayed the decline in fruit quality, inhibited malondialdehyde accumulation, and increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity levels. The 1-MCP + B. altitudinis Y-14 treatment was more conducive to prolonging the postharvest storage period of blueberries and had the best effect in delaying the decline in fruit quality. Thus, combined 1-MCP and B. altitudinis Y-14 treatment may be an effective way to improve the storage quality and extend the storage period of blueberries, which provides a new way for storing and transporting blueberries to reduce costs and improve economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some olive cultivars grown in southeastern Italy are characterized by the production of olives with a reduced level of bitterness. They are known as sweet olive cultivars and fruits are usually consumed directly or cooked without any debittering process, offering either health benefits to consumers, thanks to the high content of antioxidants, or an economic benefit to farmers for their higher price with respect to both table and oil olives. This study evaluates and compares the organoleptic, pomological, chemical, and physical parameters of seven sweet olive cultivars at different ripening degrees in the Puglia region over 8 weeks of maturity stage for two consecutive seasons (2022 and 2023). The organoleptic evaluation was performed by a restricted panel of usual consumers/experts of sweet olives. The results showed a higher preference for the olive cultivars locally named Triggiano Dolce, Cerasella, and Mele. Significant differences in weight, length, and width of the fruits were observed based on both cultivar and year. The phenolic composition of olive cultivars was significantly affected by both cultivar and harvest year, with Cazzinicchio and Cellina di Nardò having the highest total polyphenols. The analysis of water fraction extracted from olive samples by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry led to the identification of eleven compounds belonging to the secoiroids, phenylpropanoids, phenylethanolids, and flavonoids classes. The comparison of these compounds among the studied cultivars highlighted significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are frequently exposed to various carcinogens capable of inducing cancer in multiple organs. Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) is known for its strong antioxidant properties and potential in cancer prevention. However, its effectiveness against combined carcinogens remains relatively unexplored. This study aimed to assess the chemopreventive potential of the ethanolic extract of P. emblica fruits against preneoplastic lesions in the liver and colon using a rat model. Rats were administered with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to induce hepato- and colon carcinogenesis, respectively. The ethanolic extract of P. emblica fruit at 100 and 500 mg/kg bw significantly reduced the number of preneoplastic lesions in the liver by 74.7% and 55.6%, respectively, and in the colon by 39.2% and 40.8%, respectively. Similarly, the extract decreased the size of preneoplastic lesions in the liver by 75.2% (100 mg/kg bw) and 70.6% (500 mg/kg bw). Furthermore, the extract significantly reduced the cell proliferation marker in the liver by 70.3% (100 mg/kg bw) and 61.54% (500 mg/kg bw), and in the colon by 62.7% (100 mg/kg bw) and 60.5% (500 mg/kg bw). The ethanolic extract also enhanced liver antioxidant enzyme activities and demonstrated free radical scavenging in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Additionally, the dichloromethane fraction of P. emblica showed significant cancer prevention potential by reducing intracellular ROS and NO production by 61.7% and 35.4%, respectively, in RAW 264.7 macrophages. It also exhibited antimutagenic effects with a reduction of 54.0% against aflatoxin B1 and 52.3% against 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium. Finally, this study highlights the chemopreventive activity of P. emblica fruit extract against the initiation of early-stage carcinogenic lesions in the liver and colon in rats treated with dual carcinogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yoghurt is one of the most consumed and studied dairy products, with proven functional effects on the human body. This review discusses the functional properties of traditional yoghurt products in comparison with different other yoghurts enriched with natural bioactive compounds like bee products, aromatic plants, fruit, vegetables, extracts, edible flowers, mushrooms, and high protein ingredients. The food industry aims to enhance the nutritional profile of final products, recognising the potential value they bring. Yoghurt, acknowledged as a functional food, has garnered significant attention globally in terms of production and consumption. Incorporating flavours through essences, fruit, fruit extracts, and honey is considered a preferable alternative to artificial flavours for innovating new dairy products. While the review underscores the positive properties of natural additives, it also addresses the possible changes in physicochemical properties and storage stability when yoghurt is enriched beyond the basic elements. A compelling synthesis of the data reveals the remarkable finding that the majority of functional yoghurts incorporate bee products. In recent years, the dairy industry has seen a rise in combining probiotics and functional foods, especially with the development of probiotic functional yoghurts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis has gained popularity in recent years as a potential preventive and therapeutic agent due to its numerous health benefits, which include immune system boosting, blood pressure lowering, allergy treatment, and skin disease treatment. The pharmacological activity of propolis is primarily attributed to phenolics and their interactions with other compounds. Given that phenols account for most of propolis's biological activity, various extraction methods are being developed. The resin–wax composition of the propolis matrix necessitates the development of an extraction procedure capable of breaking matrix–phenol bonds while maintaining phenol stability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the stability of two major groups of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and phenolic acids, in propolis methanol/water 50/50 (v/v) extracts obtained after ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE) under different extraction parameters (extraction time and pH) and heat reflux extraction (HRE). The methodology involved varying the USE parameters, including extraction time (5, 10, and 15 min) and pH (2 and 7), followed by analysis using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify phenolic recoveries. Results revealed that benzoic acid and chlorogenic acid derivatives demonstrated excellent stability across all ultrasound extraction procedures. The recoveries of flavonoids were highly diverse, with luteolin, quercitrin, and hesperetin being the most stable. Overall, neutral pH improved flavonoid recovery, whereas phenolic acids remained more stable at pH = 2. The most important optimization parameter was USE time, and it was discovered that 15 min of ultrasound resulted in the best recoveries for most of the phenols tested, implying that phenols bind strongly to the propolis matrix and require ultrasound to break the bond. However, the high variability in phenol extraction and recovery after spiking the propolis sample shows that no single extraction method can produce the highest yield of all phenols tested. As a result, when working with a complex matrix like propolis, the extraction techniques and procedures for each phenol need to be optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]