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Simple Summary: This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the prehabilitation and rehabilitation strategies to manage thyroid cancer survivors, focusing on optimizing functional outcomes and enhancing their quality of life. The review highlights the importance of physical exercise in the rehabilitation process to improve cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, and body composition, as well as to reduce fatigue. Scar management techniques, including soft tissue mobilization, silicone sheets, kinesiotaping, and laser therapy, can enhance functional recovery and cosmetic outcomes. Moreover, addressing dysphonia and dysphagia is crucial for improving the overall quality of life of these patients. Despite several barriers which still affect this multimodal rehabilitative approach, digital innovation might be an effective and sustainable tool with which to implement patient-centered management into the clinical setting. This review provides valuable insights into the current prehabilitation and rehabilitation strategies for thyroid cancer survivors, covering physical and psychological needs to optimize the functional outcomes and enhance the quality of life of these patients. Background: This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current prehabilitation and rehabilitation strategies for thyroid cancer survivors to optimize functional outcomes and enhance their quality of life. Methods: The review follows the SANRA quality criteria and includes an extensive literature search conducted in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus. Results: The review emphasizes the role of a comprehensive rehabilitation approach in targeting the different domains that generate disability in thyroid cancer patients. In this context, physical activity, range of motion exercises, myofascial release, joint mobilization, and postural exercises are crucial for improving functional outcomes and reducing treatment-related discomfort and disability. Moreover, tailored rehabilitative management addressing dysphonia and dysphagia might have a positive impact on the quality of life of these patients. Despite these considerations, several barriers still affect the implementation of a multimodal rehabilitative approach in common clinical practice. Thus, sustainable and effective strategies like digital innovation and patient-centered approaches are strongly needed in order to implement the rehabilitative treatment framework of these subjects. Conclusions: This narrative review provides valuable insights into the current prehabilitation and rehabilitation strategies to treat thyroid cancer survivors, addressing physical, psychological, and vocational needs to optimize functional outcomes and enhance their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can interfere and interact with the endocrine system, resulting in altered hormonal signaling and function. PBDEs are common endocrine disruptors that have been commonly used in industrial products, and their environmental accumulation has become a rising concern. Human exposure to PBDEs has been shown to influence glucose metabolism, thyroid and ovarian function and potentially affect cancer risk. Evidence, however, is often conflicting. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential role of PBDEs in human health, with a particular focus on glucose metabolism, endocrine diseases and cancer. A deeper understanding of the complex interplay between exposure to endocrine disruptors, on one side, and obesity, diabetes, related metabolic disturbances and cancer, on the other side, can help guide public health interventions, in order to reduce the burden of these major social threats. There is increasing evidence of the role of endocrine disruptors (EDs) derived from commonly employed compounds for manufacturing and processing in altering hormonal signaling and function. Due to their prolonged half-life and persistence, EDs can usually be found not only in industrial products but also in households and in the environment, creating the premises for long-lasting exposure. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are common EDs used in industrial products such as flame retardants, and recent studies are increasingly showing that they may interfere with both metabolic and oncogenic pathways. In this article, a multidisciplinary panel of experts of the Italian Association of Medical Diabetologists (AMD), the Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), the Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM), the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE) and the Italian Society of Pharmacology (SIF) provides a review on the potential role of PBDEs in human health and disease, exploring both molecular and clinical aspects and focusing on metabolic and oncogenic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We review the role of chromatin and epigenetic dysregulation in therapy resistance in glioblastoma. We discuss how epigenetic and genetic forces may cooperate to programme functional cell states that are inherently resistant to therapy. Targeting epigenetic factors that are dysregulated in this malignancy could, therefore, improve clinical outcomes for patients. We highlight some preclinical and clinical compounds that were tested or are currently being explored for glioblastoma. Lastly, we present our thoughts on the requirements for the development of next-generation epigenetic therapies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a therapy-resistant reservoir in glioblastoma (GBM). It is now becoming clear that epigenetic and chromatin remodelling programs link the stemlike behaviour of CSCs to their treatment resistance. New evidence indicates that the epigenome of GBM cells is shaped by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including their genetic makeup, their interactions and communication with other neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells, including immune cells, and their metabolic niche. In this review, we explore how all these factors contribute to epigenomic heterogeneity in a tumour and the selection of therapy-resistant cells. Lastly, we discuss current and emerging experimental platforms aimed at precisely understanding the epigenetic mechanisms of therapy resistance that ultimately lead to tumour relapse. Given the growing arsenal of drugs that target epigenetic enzymes, our review addresses promising preclinical and clinical applications of epidrugs to treat GBM, and possible mechanisms of resistance that need to be overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of this population-based study was to assess the impact of insulin treatment on cancer incidence in subjects with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Italy. We found that insulin use was associated with a 20% excess for all sites cancer incidence among people with type 2 diabetes, while people with type 1 diabetes did not show any excess. Liver, pancreatic, bladder, and neuroendocrine cancers seem to be the sites with strongest association. Objective: To assess the effect of insulin on cancer incidence in type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: The cohort included all 401,172 resident population aged 20–84 in December 2009 and still alive on December 2011, classified for DM status. Drug exposure was assessed for 2009–2011 and follow up was conducted from 2012 to 2016 through the cancer registry. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were computed for all sites and for the most frequent cancer sites. Results: among residents, 21,190 people had diabetes, 2282 of whom were taking insulin; 1689 cancers occurred, 180 among insulin users. The risk for all site was slightly higher in people with T2DM compared to people without DM (IRR 1.21, 95% CI 1.14–1.27), with no excess for T1DM (IRR 0.73, 95% CI 0.45–1.19). The excess in T2DM remained when comparing with diet-only treatment. In T2DM, excess incidence was observed for liver and pancreas and for NETs: 1.76 (95% CI 1.44–2.17) and 1.37 (95% CI 0.99–1.73), respectively. For bladder, there was an excess both in T1DM (IRR 3.00, 95% CI 1.12, 8.02) and in T2DM (IRR1.27, 95% CI 1.07–1.50). Conclusions: Insulin was associated with a 20% increase in cancer incidence. The risk was higher for liver, pancreatic, bladder and neuroendocrine tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove the existence of a spherically symmetric solution for a Schrödinger equation with a nonlocal nonlinearity of Choquard type. This term is assumed to be subcritical and satisfy almost optimal assumptions. The mass of of the solution, described by its norm in the Lebesgue space, is prescribed in advance. The approach to this constrained problem relies on a Lagrange formulation and new deformation arguments. In addition, we prove that the obtained solution is also a ground state, which means that it realizes minimal energy among all the possible solutions to the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]