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This paper presents a WENO-based upwind rotated lattice Boltzmann flux solver (WENO-URLBFS) in the finite difference framework for simulating compressible flows with contact discontinuities and strong shock waves. In the method, the original rotating lattice Boltzmann flux solver is improved by applying the theoretical solution of the Euler equation in the tangential direction of the cell interface to reconstruct the tangential flux so that the numerical dissipation can be reduced. The fluxes at each interface are evaluated using a weighted summation of lattice Boltzmann solutions in two local perpendicular directions decomposed from the direction vector so that the stability performance can be improved. To achieve high-order accuracy, both fifth and seventh-order WENO reconstructions of the flow variables in the characteristic spaces are carried out. The order accuracy of the WENO-URLBFS is evaluated and compared with the traditional Lax–Friedrichs scheme, Roe scheme, and the LBFS by simulating the advection of the density disturbance problem. It is shown that the fifth and seventh-order accuracy can be achieved by all considered flux-evaluation schemes, and the present WENO-URLBFS has the lowest numerical dissipation. The performance of the WENO-URLBFS is further examined by simulating several 1D and 2D examples, including shock tube problems, Shu–Osher problems, blast wave problems, double Mach reflections, 2D Riemann problems, K-H instability problems, and High Mach number astrophysical jets. Good agreements with published data have been achieved quantitatively. Moreover, complex flow structures, including shock waves and contact discontinuities, are successfully captured. The present WENO-URLBFS scheme seems to present an effective numerical tool with high-order accuracy, lower numerical dissipation, and strong robustness for simulating challenging compressible flow problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wake of a wind turbine has an important influence on the output power of wind farms. Staggered height layout is an emerging method for the layout optimization of wind farms. In order to study the effect of a staggered height layout on the overall power output of wind farms in depth, we established a combination of two large wind turbines and three small wind turbines arranged laterally between the two large wind turbines, and set four working conditions with different distances between the small wind turbines and the downstream large wind turbines as the research objects. The wind turbine array is analyzed by numerical simulation The layouts add three small wind turbines between the two large wind turbines, and each row of small wind turbines has a different distance from the downstream large wind turbines. The results show that as the distance from the upstream large wind turbine increases, the power of the three small wind turbines on the downstream wind turbine tends to be positive. The numerical simulation suggests that under the inflow wind speed, the closer to the downstream large wind turbine, the higher the wind speed is at the hub height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most existing studies are based on the hydroelastic response of oversized floating bodies under regular waves, ignoring the effect of wave conditions and incident wave angle on the vibration response of oversized floating bodies in real sea conditions. In this paper, the stability performance of a single module of a mega-floating body at an offshore airport was investigated by using STAR-CCM + numerical simulations based on a specific model, with the introduction of parameters under extreme random wind and wave combined sea conditions. By comparing and analyzing the distribution characteristics of the single module floating body under the action of regular waves and irregular waves, wind, and wave load, and by considering the wave angle along the flow direction, as well as the spreading direction and vertical displacement value under the action of mooring, the overall displacement amplitude of rigid displacement, elastic deformation displacement and considering the influence of both, and the distribution law of motion response along the length of the floating body, we summarize the influence of the wave angle on the dynamic response of an oversized floating body of an offshore airport. The results show that the maximum value of the hydro-elastic response tends to appear at the head and tail of the floating body, the rigid body vertical displacement dominates the role, the amplitude of all displacements of the floating body under the action of the cross wave is larger, and the stress area along the floating body is larger when the wave angle is between 15–30°. The floating body stress value is smaller with angles of 30–65°, and the ability to bear the load is stronger. The hydroelastic response under irregular wave conditions is more sensitive to the wave direction angle, and the elastic deformation has less influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been several cases of large cooling towers being damaged by wind in history. A typhoon has the characteristics of a strong wind field energy and large shear wind speed. This paper simulates the entire collapse process of large hyperbolic cooling towers by the action of typhoons and refines the typhoon-induced failure mechanism for cooling towers. Firstly, based on WRF-CFD wind field downscaling technology, a fine simulation of the near-ground multiscale wind field produced by China's strongest typhoon "Typhoon Rammasun" is performed to extract effective three-dimensional (3D) typhoon load input parameters. Then, by loading the obtained 3D wind load on the finite element model, a pseudo-dynamic analysis of the world's tallest cooling tower "Luan Cooling Tower" is performed based on LS-DYNA explicit dynamic analysis, and the typhoon-induced collapse process is simulated. Finally, the stress distribution and distortions of the tower and the response time history of key units are compared and analyzed to determine the collapse mechanism. The process of collapse begins with large deformation of the windward surface of the tower throat, which shows folds in the range of 62° on both sides. Eventually, collapse occurs due to uncoordinated deformation. The collapse mechanism can be divided into a bending arch mechanism and a suspension wire mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing construction of large-scale wind turbines in seismically active coastal areas, the survivability of these high-rated-power offshore wind turbines (OWTs) in marine and geological conditions becomes extremely important. Although research on the dynamic behaviors of OWTs under earthquakes has been conducted with consideration of the soil-structure interaction, the attention paid to the impact of earthquake-induced seabed liquefaction on OWTs supported by large-diameter monopiles remains limited. In view of this research gap, this study carries out dynamic analyses of a 10 MW OWT under combined wind, wave, and earthquake loadings. This study uses a pressure-dependent multisurface elastoplastic constitutive model to simulate the soil liquefaction phenomenon. The results indicate that the motion of the large-diameter monopile leads to more extensive soil liquefaction surrounding the monopile, specifically in the zone near the pile toe. Moreover, compared with earthquake loading alone, liquefaction becomes more severe under the coupled wind and earthquake loadings. Accordingly, the dynamic responses of the OWT are apparently amplified, which demonstrates the importance of considering the coupling loadings. Compared with wind loading, the effect of wave loading on the dynamic response and liquefaction potential is relatively insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind-induced damage during the construction process and the evolution of damage over time are important reasons for the wind-induced destruction of large cooling towers. In fact, wind vibration coefficient and stability performance will evolve with the construction height and material properties over time. However, the existing studies generally ignore the impact of wind load and structural performance during the construction period. In this study, we built the 3D physical model separately for all eight construction stages a super large cooling tower which is being currently constructed and stands 210 m. The dynamic characteristics of the cooling tower were analyzed in each stage. First, the flow field information and 3D time history of aerodynamic forces were obtained for the whole construction process using large eddy simulation (LES). Full transient dynamic finite element analysis was used to calculate the dynamic responses of the tower under the real-time changes of wind loads during the whole construction process. Five calculation methods were used to trace the evolution of wind vibration coefficient during the whole construction process of the super large cooling tower. Then the formula for wind vibration coefficient changing with the construction height was fitted. The differential values of wind vibration coefficient during the whole construction process of the cooling tower were discussed by taking the meridional axial force as the objective function. On this basis, the influence and working mechanism of wind vibration coefficient, concrete age, construction load, geometric nonlinearity, internal suction force on buckling stability, and ultimate bearing capacity of the cooling towers were investigated. This research provides an enhanced understanding on the evolution of wind-induced stability performance in super large cooling towers and a methodology to prevent wind-induced damage during the construction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The main research conclusions of this paper could provide references for load prediction of similar wind turbine systems during the occurrence of typhoon, and deepen the understanding on meso/microscale wind field nesting mechanism. Compared with normal wind, typhoons may change the flow field surrounding wind turbines, thus influencing their wind-induced responses and stability. The existing typhoon theoretical model in the civil engineering field is too simplified. To address this problem, the WRF (Weather Research Forecasting) model was introduced for high-resolution simulation of the Typhoon "Nuri" firstly. Secondly, the typhoon field was analyzed, and the wind speed profile of the boundary layer was fitted. Meanwhile, the normal wind speed profile with the same wind speed of the typhoon speed profile at the gradient height of class B landform in the code was set. These two wind speed profiles were integrated into the UDF (User Defined Function). On this basis, a five-MW wind turbine in Shenzhen was chosen as the research object. The action mechanism of speed was streamlined and turbulence energy surrounding the wind turbine was disclosed by microscale CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. The influencing laws of a typhoon and normal wind on wind pressure distribution were compared. Finally, key attention was paid to analyzing the structural response, buckling stability, and ultimate bearing capacity of the wind turbine system. The research results demonstrated that typhoons increased the aerodynamic force and structural responses, and decreased the overall buckling stability and ultimate bearing capacity of the wind turbine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical system of existing civil engineering typhoon models is too simplified and the simulation accuracy is very low. Therefore, in this work a meso-scale weather forecast model (WRF) based on the non-static Euler equation model was introduced to simulate typhoon "Nuri" with high spatial and temporal resolution, focusing on the comparison of wind direction and wind intensity characteristics before, during and after the landing of the typhoon. Moreover, the effectiveness of the meso-scale typhoon "Nuri" simulation was verified by a comparison between the track of the typhoon center based on minimum sea level pressure and the measured track. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of large wind turbines under typhoon loads is studied using WRF and CFD nesting technology. A 5 MW wind turbine located in a wind power plant on the southeast coast of China has been chosen as the research object. The average and fluctuating wind pressure distributions as well as airflow around the tower body and eddy distribution on blade and tower surface were compared. A dynamic and time-historical analysis of wind-induced responses under different stop positions was implemented by considering the finite element complete transient method. The influence of the stop position on the wind-induced responses and wind fluttering factor of the system were analyzed. Finally, under a typhoon process, the most unfavorable stop position of the large wind turbine was concluded. The results demonstrated that the internal force and wind fluttering factor of the tower body increased significantly under the typhoon effect. The wind-induced response of the blade closest to the tower body was affected mostly. The wind fluttering factor of this blade was increased by 35%. It was concluded from the analysis that the large wind turbine was stopped during the typhoon. The most unfavorable stop position was at the complete overlapping of the lower blade and the tower body (Condition 1). The safety redundancy reached the maximum when the upper blade overlapped with the tower body completely (Condition 5). Therefore, it is suggested that during typhoons the blade of the wind turbine be rotated to Condition 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convergence performance and optimization efficiency are two critical issues in the application of commonly used evolution algorithms in multi-objective design of wind turbines. A gradient-based multi-objective evolution algorithm is proposed for wind turbine blade design, based on uniform decomposition and positive-gradient differential evolution. In the uniform decomposition, uniformly distributed reference vectors are established in the objective space to maintain population diversity so that the population aggregations, which are commonly observed for wind turbine blade design using gradient-free algorithms, are minimized. The positive-gradient differential evolution is introduced for population evolution to increase optimization efficiency by guiding the evolutionary process and significantly reducing searching ranges of each individual. Two-, three- and four-objective optimizations of 1.5 MW wind turbine blades reveal that the proposed algorithm can deliver uniformly distributed optimal solutions in an efficient way, and has advantages over gradient-free algorithms in terms of convergence performance and optimization efficiency. These advantages increase with the optimization dimension, and the proposed algorithm is more suitable for optimizations of small size populations, thus remarkably enhancing the design efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]