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SMES technology based on MgB 2 superconductor and cryogenic-free cooling can offer a viable solution to power-intensive storage in the short term. One of the main obstacles to the development of dry-cooled SMES systems is the heat load removal due to the AC loss of the superconductor during fast charging and discharging cycles at high power. Accurate knowledge of the amount and distribution of AC loss in the coil is of paramount importance for the sizing and the design of the cooling system and for assessing the possible operational limits of the technology. In this manuscript, the AC loss of a 500 kJ/200 kW multifilamentary MgB 2 SMES during charge–discharge cycling at full power is numerically investigated. The methodology and assumptions of the calculation are briefly resumed, and numerical results are reported and discussed in detail. In particular, the time profile and the distribution of the dissipated power all over the coil are reported. An average dissipation of 85.5 mW/m is found all over the coil during one charge–discharge cycle at full power, with a peak of 150.1 mW/m in the turns lying at the ends of the coil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of applications of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs)—oligonucleotide analogs with a polyamide backbone—is continuously increasing in both in vitro and cellular systems and, parallel to this, delivery systems able to bring PNAs to their targets have been developed. This review is intended to give to the readers an overview on the available carriers for these oligonucleotide mimics, with a particular emphasis on newly developed multi-component- and multifunctional vehicles which boosted PNA research in recent years. The following approaches will be discussed: (a) conjugation with carrier molecules and peptides; (b) liposome formulations; (c) polymer nanoparticles; (d) inorganic porous nanoparticles; (e) carbon based nanocarriers; and (f) self-assembled and supramolecular systems. New therapeutic strategies enabled by the combination of PNA and proper delivery systems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of applications of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs)-oligonucleotide analogs with a polyamide backbone-is continuously increasing in both in vitro and cellular systems and, parallel to this, delivery systems able to bring PNAs to their targets have been developed. This review is intended to give to the readers an overview on the available carriers for these oligonucleotide mimics, with a particular emphasis on newly developed multi-component- and multifunctional vehicles which boosted PNA research in recent years. The following approaches will be discussed: (a) conjugation with carrier molecules and peptides; (b) liposome formulations; (c) polymer nanoparticles; (d) inorganic porous nanoparticles; (e) carbon based nanocarriers; and (f) self-assembled and supramolecular systems. New therapeutic strategies enabled by the combination of PNA and proper delivery systems are discussed.