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Ladle furnace slag (LFS), a by-product of steel refining, shows a promising reuse pathway as an alternative additive or substitute for Portland cement due to its high alkalinity and similar chemical composition to clinkers. However, LFS is often stored in large, open surface areas, leading to many environmental issues. To tackle waste management challenges, LFS can be recycled as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in many cementitious composites. However, LFS contains some mineral phases that hinder its reactivity (dicalcium silicate (γ-C2S)) and pose long-term durability issues in the cured cemented final product (free lime (f-CaO) and free magnesia (f-MgO)). Therefore, LFS needs to be adequately treated to enhance its reactivity and ensure long-term durability in the structures of the cementitious materials. This literature review assesses possible LFS treatments to enhance its suitability for valorization. Traditional reviews are often multidisciplinary and explore all types of iron and steel slags, sometimes including the recycling of LFS in the steel industry. As the reuse of industrial by-products requires a knowledge of their characteristics, this paper focuses first on LFS characterization, then on the obstacles to its use, and finally compiles an exhaustive inventory of previously investigated treatments. The main parameters for treatment evaluation are the mineralogical composition of treated LFS and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the final geo-composite in the short and long term. This review indicates that the treatment of LFS using rapid air/water quenching at the end-of-refining process is most appropriate, allowing a nearly amorphous slag to be obtained, which is therefore suitable for use as a SCM. Moreover, the open-air watering treatment leads to an optimal content of treated LFS. Recycling LFS in this manner can reduce OPC consumption, solve the problem of limited availability of blast furnace slag (GGBFS) by partially replacing this material, conserve natural resources, and reduce the carbon footprint of cementitious material operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, this paper explores the role of hydration kinetics on microcrack development in cement mortars using the μ-CT technique with a resolution of 2.2 µm. Three binders were tested: fine-grained ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with Blaine fineness of 391 m2/kg, coarse-grained OPC made from the same clinker with Blaine fineness of 273 m2/kg, and H-cement as a representative of the alkali-activated binder. It was found that most microcracks have a width in the range of 5–10 µm, increasing their occurrence with the progress of sealed hydration. While H-cement and coarse-grained OPC showed a comparable number of microcracks, fine-grained OPC exhibited more than twice the number of microcracks. In this sense, high hydration kinetics induce more microcracks, promoting later coalescence into visible cracks and disintegration of concrete at the end. Therefore, durable concrete with minimum microcracks should be derived from slow hydration kinetics or alkali-activation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HPV16 is responsible for approximately 60% and 90% of global HPV–induced cervical and oropharyngeal cancers, respectively. HPV16 intratype variants have been identified by HPV genome sequencing and classified into four phylogenetic lineages (A–D). Our understanding of HPV16 variants mostly derives from epidemiological studies on cervical cancer (CC) in which HPV16 B, C, and D lineages (previously named "non-European" variants) were mainly associated with high-grade cervical lesions and cancer. Although a predominance of HPV16 lineage A (previously named "European variants") has been observed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), epidemiological and in vitro biological studies are still limited for this tumor site. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the entire HPV genome has deepened our knowledge of the prevalence and distribution of HPV variants in CC and HNSCC. Research on cervical cancer has shown that certain HPV16 sublineages, such as D2, D3, A3, and A4, are associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer, and sublineages A4, D2, and D3 are linked to a higher risk of developing adenocarcinomas. Additionally, lineage C and sublineages D2 or D3 of HPV16 show an elevated risk of developing premalignant cervical lesions. However, it is still crucial to conduct large-scale studies on HPV16 variants in different HPV–related tumor sites to deeply evaluate their association with disease development and outcomes. This review discusses the current knowledge and updates on HPV16 phylogenetic variants distribution in HPV–driven anogenital and head and neck cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

France is Europe's leading producer of flaxseed. This seed is rich in omega-3, energy, and protein for animals, but it also contains anti-nutritional factors such as mucilage. Thus, mucilage must be removed and could be used as a bio-admixture in cementitious materials development, reducing the environmental impact of cementitious materials. This study aims to valorize the usage of flaxseed mucilage (FM) in ordinary Portland cement. FM caused macroscopic and microscopic changes in the materials studied. The higher the concentration, the greater the changes were. The admixed samples showed an exponentially concentration-dependent delay in setting. FM degradation products induced by the cementitious conditions accentuated the delay. However, this delay in setting did not affect the hydrates' growth in the material. In fact, FM showed a "delay accelerator" behavior, meaning that once hydration began, it was accelerated as compared to a reference. Macroscopically, FM induced significant flocculation, increasing material porosity and carbonation. Consequently, bulk density and thermal conductivity were reduced. At the highest amount of FM admixture (0.75% w/w), FM allowed bridge formation between Ca(OH)2 crystals, which can improve the mechanical properties of mortars. Because FM is highly hygroscopic, it has the capability to absorb water and subsequently release it gradually and under controlled conditions into the cement matrix. Therefore, regulation of water diffusion from the mucilage may induce the self-healing properties responsible for mechanical properties similar to that of the reference in the medium to long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosols, as well as suspended particulate matter, impact atmospheric pollution, the climate, and human health, directly or indirectly. Particle size, chemical composition, and other aerosol characteristics are determinant factors for atmospheric pollution dynamics and more. In the last decade, low-cost devices have been widely used in instrumentation to measure aerosols. However, they present some issues, such as the problem of discriminating whether the aerosol is composed of liquid particles or solid. This issue could lead to errors in the estimation of mass concentration in monitoring environments where there is fog. In this study, we investigate the use of an optical particle counter (OPC) coupled to a quartz crystal microbalance with an integrated microheater (H-QCM) to enhance measurement performances. The H-QCM was used not only to measure the collected mass on its surface but also, by using the integrated microheater, it was able to heat the collected mass by performing heating cycles. In particular, we tested the developed system with aerosolized saline solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), with three decreasing concentrations of salt and three electronic cigarette solutions (e-liquid), with different concentrations of propylene glycol and glycerin mixtures. The results showed that the OPC coherently counted the salt dilution effects, and the H-QCM output confirmed the presence of liquid and solid particles in the aerosols. In the case of e-liquid aerosols, the OPC counted the particles, and the HQCM output highlighted that in the aerosol, there were no solid particles but a liquid phase only. These findings contribute to the refinement of aerosol measurement methodologies by low-cost sensors, fostering a more comprehensive understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) is commonly mutated in lower-grade diffuse gliomas. The IDH1R132H mutation is an important diagnostic tool for tumor diagnosis and prognosis; however, its role in glioma development, and its impact on response to therapy, is not fully understood. We developed a murine model of proneural IDH1R132H-mutated glioma that shows elevated production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) and increased trimethylation of lysine residue K27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) compared to IDH1 wild-type tumors. We found that using Tazemetostat to inhibit the methyltransferase for H3K27, Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2), reduced H3K27me3 levels and increased acetylation on H3K27. We also found that, although the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) Panobinostat was less cytotoxic in IDH1R132H-mutated cells (either isolated from murine glioma or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells infected in vitro with a retrovirus expressing IDH1R132H) compared to IDH1-wild-type cells, combination treatment with Tazemetostat is synergistic in both mutant and wild-type models. These findings indicate a novel therapeutic strategy for IDH1-mutated gliomas that targets the specific epigenetic alteration in these tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper details the design and implementation of a virtualized bottle sealing plant using the Hardware in the Loop technique, for which it is divided into two parts: (i) Software consists of a virtualized environment in Unity 3D to visualize its behavior in real time; and (ii) Hardware was implemented through a PLC S7 1200 AC/DC/RLY (Programmable Logic Controller), which is responsible for the automation of the plant, programmed through the software TIA Portal V16 (Totally Integrated Automation Portal) and a control panel with buttons and indicator lights. The two developed parts communicate through bidirectional TCP/IP Ethernet, achieving a Server–Client architecture. For real-time monitoring and visualization, a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system implemented in InTouch is considered. In addition, the data acquisition is accomplished through the OPC (Open Platform Communication) server; the functionality of the OPC server is to transmit the information generated in an industrial plant at the enterprise level. This allows the process to execute its tasks of connectivity of automated processes and their supervision, as well as having scalability so that more tags can be included in other processes over time and ensure its operability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). While most of the current treatment strategies focus on immune cell regulation, except for the drug siponimod, there is no therapeutic intervention that primarily aims at neuroprotection and remyelination. Recently, nimodipine showed a beneficial and remyelinating effect in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. Nimodipine also positively affected astrocytes, neurons, and mature oligodendrocytes. Here we investigated the effects of nimodipine, an L-type voltage-gated calcium channel antagonist, on the expression profile of myelin genes and proteins in the oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) line Oli-Neu and in primary OPCs. Our data indicate that nimodipine does not have any effect on myelin-related gene and protein expression. Furthermore, nimodipine treatment did not result in any morphological changes in these cells. However, RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses identified potential micro (mi)RNA that could support myelination after nimodipine treatment compared to a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control. Additionally, we treated zebrafish with nimodipine and observed a significant increase in the number of mature oligodendrocytes (* p ≤ 0.05). Taken together, nimodipine seems to have different positive effects on OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental study proposes a systematic mix-design procedure to develop rubberized geopolymer concrete (RGPC). The developed method is meant to identify the mix ratios for the production of high-strength, low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, with OPC as a supplementary binder and crumb rubber as a partial replacement for the fine aggregates. The binder (80% fly ash + 20% OPC) content (350, 375, and 400 kg/m3), crumb rubber percentage (0, 5, 10, and 15%), and NaOH molarity (8, 10, and 12 M) are identified as key variables, with the focus on attaining the targeted compressive strength and workability under heat curing (60 °C). Thirty-six mix designs were tested for their compressive strength after 7 and 28 days, and their graphical relationship with the chosen variables is presented (CR-GPC graphs). A trial experiment with an example is performed to establish the validity of the developed mix-design procedure. It was found that the targeted compressive strength and slump of the rubberized GPC can be achieved with conviction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal energy storage (TES) systems are dependent on materials capable of operating at elevated temperatures for their performance and for prevailing as an integral part of industries. High-temperature TES assists in increasing the dispatchability of present power plants as well as increasing the efficiency in heat industry applications. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based concretes are widely used as a sensible TES material in different applications. However, their performance is limited to operation temperatures below 400 °C due to the thermal degradation processes in its structure. In the present work, the performance and heat storage capacity of geopolymer-based concrete (GEO) have been studied experimentally and a comparison was carried out with OPC-based materials. Two thermal scenarios were examined, and results indicate that GEO withstand high running temperatures, higher than 500 °C, revealing higher thermal storage capacity than OPC-based materials. The high thermal energy storage, along with the high thermal diffusion coefficient at high temperatures, makes GEO a potential material that has good competitive properties compared with OPC-based TES. Experiments show the ability of geopolymer-based concrete for thermal energy storage applications, especially in industries that require feasible material for operation at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interconnection between sensors, controllers and instruments through a communication network plays a vital role in the performance and effectiveness of a control system. Since its inception in the 90s, the Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control (OPC) protocol has provided open connectivity for monitoring and automation systems. It has been widely used in several environments such as industrial facilities, building and energy automation, engineering education and many others. This paper presents a novel OPC-based architecture to implement automation systems devoted to R&D and educational activities. The proposal is a novel conceptual framework, structured into four functional layers where the diverse components are categorized aiming to foster the systematic design and implementation of automation systems involving OPC communication. Due to the benefits of OPC, the proposed architecture provides features like open connectivity, reliability, scalability, and flexibility. Furthermore, four successful experimental applications of such an architecture, developed at the University of Extremadura (UEX), are reported. These cases are a proof of concept of the ability of this architecture to support interoperability for different domains. Namely, the automation of energy systems like a smart microgrid and photobioreactor facilities, the implementation of a network-accessible industrial laboratory and the development of an educational hardware-in-the-loop platform are described. All cases include a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) to automate and control the plant behavior, which exchanges operative data (measurements and signals) with a multiplicity of sensors, instruments and supervisory systems under the structure of the novel OPC architecture. Finally, the main conclusions and open research directions are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While abundant evidence exists linking alcohol, tobacco, and HPV infection to a carcinogenic impact on the oropharynx, the contribution of inhalational workplace hazards remains ill-defined. We aim to determine whether the literature reveals occupational environments at a higher-than-average risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) and summarize the available data. To identify studies assessing the relationship between occupational exposure and risk of OPC, a search of the literature through the PubMed-NCBI database was carried out and, ultimately, 15 original articles meeting eligibility criteria were selected. Only original articles in English focusing on the association between occupational exposure and risk or death of specifically OPC were included. The available data are supportive of a potentially increased risk of OPC in waiters, cooks and stewards, artistic workers, poultry and meat workers, mechanics, and World Trade Center responders exposed to dust. However, the available literature on occupation-related OPC is limited. To identify occupational categories at risk, large cohorts with long follow-ups are needed. Identification of causal associations with occupation-related factors would require dose-response analyses adequately adjusted for confounders.

In this paper the design and implementation of a network for integrating Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), the Object-Linking and Embedding for Process Control protocol (OPC) and the open-source Easy Java Simulations (EJS) package is presented. A LabVIEW interface and the Java-Internet-LabVIEW (JIL) server complete the scheme for data exchange. This configuration allows the user to remotely interact with the PLC. Such integration can be considered a novelty in scientific literature for remote control and sensor data acquisition of industrial plants. An experimental application devoted to remote laboratories is developed to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of the proposed approach. The experiment to be conducted is the parameterization and supervision of a fuzzy controller of a DC servomotor. The graphical user interface has been developed with EJS and the fuzzy control is carried out by our own PLC. In fact, the distinctive features of the proposed novel network application are the integration of the OPC protocol to share information with the PLC and the application under control. The user can perform the tuning of the controller parameters online and observe in real time the effect on the servomotor behavior. The target group is engineering remote users, specifically in control- and automation-related tasks. The proposed architecture system is described and experimental results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large area wire grid polarizers (LA-WGPs) with 50 nm half-pitch were fabricated using ArF immersion lithography overcoming the limit of the shot field size. To realize the 50 nm line and space patterns on a 300 mm wafer, a zero-distance stitching process that connects the shot fields is suggested. To compensate for mutual interference between the shot fields which is called the local flare effect (LFE), the shot field arrangement is changed with optical proximity correction (OPC). Using a master wafer produced by the suggested method, 300 mm large-area WGPs were fabricated by the nano-imprint process. The WGPs have more than 80% transmittance in the visible light region, and the possibility of performance improvement can be confirmed depending on the number and method of the etch process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the production of one ton of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) releases considerable amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. As the need and demand for this material grows exponentially, it has become a challenge to increase its production at a time when climate-related problems represent a major global concern. The two main CO2 contributors in this process are fossil fuel combustion to heat the rotary kiln and the chemical reaction associated with the calcination process, in the production of the clinker, the main component of OPC. The current paper presents a critical review of the existent alternative clinker technologies (ACTs) that are under an investigation trial phase or under restricted use for niche applications and that lead to reduced emissions of CO2. Also, the possibility of transition of clinker production from traditional rotary kilns based on fuel combustion processes to electrification is discussed, since this may lead to the partial or even complete elimination of the CO2 combustion-related emissions, arising from the heating of the clinker kiln. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-cost optical particle counters effectively measure particulate matter (PM) mass concentrations once calibrated. Sensor calibration can be established by deriving a linear regression model by performing side-by-side measurements with a reference instrument. However, calibration differences between environmental and occupational settings have not been demonstrated. This study evaluated four commercially available, low-cost PM sensors (OPC-N3, SPS30, AirBeam2, and PMS A003) in both settings. The mass concentrations of three aerosols (salt, Arizona road dust, and Poly-alpha-olefin-4 oil) were measured and compared with a reference instrument. OPC-N3 and SPS30 were highly correlated (r = 0.99) with the reference instrument for all aerosol types in environmental settings. In occupational settings, SPS30, AirBeam2, and PMS A003 exhibited high correlation (>0.96), but the OPC-N3 correlation varied (r = 0.88–1.00). Response significantly (p < 0.001) varied between environmental and occupational settings for most particle sizes and aerosol types. Biases varied by particle size and aerosol type. SPS30 and OPC-N3 exhibited low bias for environmental settings, but all of the sensors showed a high bias for occupational settings. For intra-instrumental precision, SPS30 exhibited high precision for salt for both settings compared to the other low-cost sensors and aerosol types. These findings suggest that SPS30 and OPC-N3 can provide a reasonable estimate of PM mass concentrations if calibrated differently for environmental and occupational settings using site-specific calibration factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of a repository for the geological disposal of radioactive waste will utilize cement-based materials. Following closure, resaturation will result in the development of a highly alkaline porewater. The alkaline fluid will migrate and react with host rock, producing a chemically disturbed zone (CDZ) around the repository. To understand how these conditions may evolve, a series of batch and flow experiments were conducted with Horonobe mudstone and fluids representative of the alkaline leachates expected from a cementitious repository. Both ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and low alkali cement (LAC) leachates were examined. The impact of the LAC leachates was more limited than the OPC leachates, with experiments using the LAC leachate showing the least reaction and lowest long-term pH of the different leachate types. The reaction was dominated by primary mineral dissolution, and in the case of OPC leachates, precipitation of secondary calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) phases. Flow experiments revealed that precipitation of the secondary phases was restricted to close to the initial contact zone of the fluids and mudstone. The experimental results demonstrate that a combination of both batch and flow-through experiments can provide the insights required for the understanding of the key geochemical interactions and the impact of transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) display numerous protrusions that extend into the surrounding parenchyma in the brain. Depending on the preparation of the tissue analyzed, these protrusions are more or less visible. We applied six different fixation methods and compared the effect of prolonged and stronger fixation on fluorescence intensity of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, a surface marker of OPCs. Importantly, the fluorescence signal is mostly lost on protrusions as compared to the cell body, which has to be considered for specific analyses. Additionally, we show numerous contacts established between OPCs and the brain vasculature, which will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between these two elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, alkali-activated binders using industrial wastes are considered an environmentally friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which contributes to addressing the high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and enlarging embodied energy (EE). Concretes produced from industrial wastes have shown promising environmentally-friendly features with appropriate strength and durability. From this perspective, the compressive strength (CS), CO2 emissions, and EE of four industrial powder waste materials, including fly ash (FA), palm oil fly ash (POFA), waste ceramic powder (WCP), and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS), were investigated as replacements for OPC. Forty-two engineered alkali-activated mix (AAM) designs with different percentages of the above-mentioned waste materials were experimentally investigated to evaluate the effect of each binder mass percentage on 28-day CS. Additionally, the effects of each industrial powder waste material on SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3 contents were investigated. The results confirm that adding FA to the samples caused a reduction of less than 26% in CS, whereas the replacement of GBFS by different levels of POFA significantly affected the compressive strength of specimens. The results also show that the AAM designs with a high volume FA provided the lowest EE and CO2 emission levels compared to other mix designs. Empirical equations were also proposed to estimate the CS, CO2 emissions, and EE of AAM designs according to their binder mass compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of two precursors (slag and fly ash), different particle size distribution, and three types of aggregate (siliceous sand, limestone, and recycled concrete) on alkali-activated material (AAM) mortar rheology were studied and compared to their effect on an ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) mortar reference. Stress growth and flow curve tests were conducted to determine plastic viscosity and static and dynamic yield stress of the AAM and OPC mortars. In both OPC and AAM mortars, a reduction of the aggregate size induces a rise of the liquid demand to preserve the plastic consistency of the mortar. In general terms, an increase of the particle size of the siliceous aggregates leads to a decrease of the measured rheological parameters. The AAM mortars require higher liquid/solid ratios than OPC mortars to attain plastic consistency. AAM mortars proved to be more sensitive than OPC mortars to changes in aggregate nature. The partial replacement of the siliceous aggregates with up to 20% of recycled concrete aggregates induced no change in mixing liquid uptake, in either AAM or OPC mortars. All the AAM and OPC mortars studied fitted to the Bingham model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are generated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). OPC are distributed throughout the CNS and represent a pool of migratory and proliferative adult progenitor cells that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes. The central function of oligodendrocytes is to generate myelin, which is an extended membrane from the cell that wraps tightly around axons. Due to this energy consuming process and the associated high metabolic turnover oligodendrocytes are vulnerable to cytotoxic and excitotoxic factors. Oligodendrocyte pathology is therefore evident in a range of disorders including multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Deceased oligodendrocytes can be replenished from the adult OPC pool and lost myelin can be regenerated during remyelination, which can prevent axonal degeneration and can restore function. Cell population studies have recently identified novel immunomodulatory functions of oligodendrocytes, the implications of which, e.g., for diseases with primary oligodendrocyte pathology, are not yet clear. Here, we review the journey of oligodendrocytes from the embryonic stage to their role in homeostasis and their fate in disease. We will also discuss the most common models used to study oligodendrocytes and describe newly discovered functions of oligodendrocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to gain a deeper understanding of the rheological development of hydrating ordinary Portland cement (OPC) pastes at initial state, and to better understand their underlying processes, quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and rheological measurements were conducted and their results combined. The time-dependent relation between phase development and flow behavior of cement paste was investigated at two different temperatures (20 and 30 °C), over a period of two hours. Regarding the phase development during hydration, ettringite precipitation was identified as the dominant reaction in the first two hours. For both temperatures, the increasing ettringite content turned out to correlate very well with the loss of workability of the reacting cement paste. An exponential relationship between ettringite growth and flow behavior was observed that could be explained by applying the Krieger-Dougherty equation, which describes the influence of solid fraction on the viscosity of a suspension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deadband algorithms are implemented inside industrial gateways to reduce the volume of data sent across different networks. By tuning the deadband sampling resolution by a preset interval Δ , it is possible to estimate the balance between the traffic rates of networks connected by industrial SCADA gateways. This work describes the design and implementation of two original deadband algorithms based on statistical concepts derived by John Bollinger in his financial technical analysis. The statistical algorithms proposed do not require the setup of a preset interval—this is required by non-statistical algorithms. All algorithms were evaluated and compared by computing the effectiveness and fidelity over a public collection of random pseudo-periodic signals. The overall performance measured in the simulations showed better results, in terms of effectiveness and fidelity, for the statistical algorithms, while the measured computing resources were not as efficient as for the non-statistical deadband algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]