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Honeydew honey is less studied than nectar honey, although it is characterized by peculiar nutritional properties. This is mainly due to its challenging production, which leads to easy counterfeiting and difficult valorization. This contribution aims to provide a comprehensive characterization of the physico-chemical, palynological, functional, and food safety properties of a large sampling of honeydew honeys collected throughout Italy. The honeydew elements, conductivity, color, antioxidant properties, total polyphenol content, hydroxymethylfurfural, major and trace elements, toxic and rare earth elements, and pesticide residues were measured in 59 samples of honeydew honey from forest, eucalyptus, fir, oak, and citrus sources. Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties were unable to differentiate the botanical origin of Italian honeydew honeys. Similarly, the mineral composition did not vary significantly, whereas rare earth elements appeared to be promising markers for classifying their origin. Multivariate analysis allowed discriminating fir honeydews from the other varieties. Concerning safety aspects, pesticide residues were detected in 90% of the samples, with fir honeydews exhibiting the lowest contamination levels, probably due to its production in less industrialized areas. Acetamiprid and imidacloprid were the most prevalent pesticide residues, but their concentrations were below the limit indicated by the EFSA. These findings suggest the need for a continuous monitoring program for contaminants to ensure safety and to assess risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioaccumulation of pesticides in honeybee products (HBPs) should be studied for a number of reasons. The presence of pesticides in HBPs can provide new data on the risk related to the use of pesticides and their role in bee colony losses. Moreover, the degree of contamination of HBPs can lower their quality, weaken their beneficial properties, and, in consequence, may endanger human health. The aim of this study was to quantify a broad range of pesticide residues in three different HBPs—bee pollen, propolis, and royal jelly. Samples were collected in the years 2017–2019 from the apiary in west-central Poland. Bee products were analyzed for the presence of over 550 pesticides using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method. Twenty-nine of the contaminants were quantified at least in one of the samples. Nine of them exceeded the maximum residue levels for honey. It should be noted that any dose of pesticides can cause a health hazard due to toxicity, since these substances may act synergistically. This current study revealed the high need for the pesticide monitoring of HBPs and proved that there is a need to expand the European Union Pesticides Database to include more HBPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues on fruits pose a global food safety concern, emphasizing the need for effective and practical removal strategies to ensure safe consumption. This study investigates the efficacy of household ingredients (corn starch, all-purpose flour, rice flour and baking soda) and four commercial fresh produce wash products in eliminating a model pesticide thiabendazole with and without a model non-ionic surfactant Alligare 90® from postharvest fruits. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was employed for the rapid, in situ quantification of residue removal on apple surfaces. Soaking in 2% corn starch followed by soaking in 5% baking was the most effective homemade strategy, removing 94.13% and 91.78% of thiabendazole with and without the surfactant. Among commercial washing agents, soaking in 2% Product 4 demonstrated the highest efficiency, removing 95.3% and 95.99% of thiabendazole with and without surfactant. These results suggested that the non-ionic surfactant did not affect removal efficiency. Both protocols were effective across various fruits (apples, grapes, lemons, strawberries), validated by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. However, safety concerns regarding the composition of Product 4 highlighted the benefits of homemade strategies. Overall, this work offers practical guidelines for reducing pesticide residues on fruits and enhancing food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of thiamethoxam has led to pesticide residues that have sparked global concerns regarding ecological and human health risks. A pressing requirement exists for a detection method that is both swift and sensitive. Herein, we introduced an innovative fluorescence biosensor constructed from alendronic acid (ADA)-modified upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) linked with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) via aptamer recognition for the detection of thiamethoxam. Through base pairing, thiamethoxam-specific aptamer-functionalized MNPs (apt-MNPs) were integrated with complementary DNA-functionalized UCNPs (cDNA-UCNPs) to create the MNPs@UCNPs fluorescence biosensor. Thiamethoxam specifically attached to apt-MNPs, leading to their separation from cDNA-UCNPs, which in turn led to a reduction in fluorescence intensity at 544 nm following separation by an external magnetic field. The change in fluorescence intensity (ΔI) was directly correlated with the concentration of thiamethoxam, enabling the quantitative analysis of the pesticide. With optimized detection parameters, the biosensor was capable of quantifying thiamethoxam within a concentration span of 0.4–102.4 ng·mL−1, and it achieved a detection limit as minute as 0.08 ng·mL−1. Moreover, leveraging the swift magnetic concentration properties of MNPs, the assay duration could be abbreviated to 25 min. The research exhibited a swift and precise sensing platform that yielded promising results in samples of cucumber, cabbage, and apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman spectroscopy is a spectral analysis technique based on molecular vibration. It has gained widespread acceptance as a practical tool for the non-invasive and rapid characterization or identification of multiple analytes and compounds in recent years. In fruit quality detection, Raman spectroscopy is employed to detect organic compounds, such as pigments, phenols, and sugars, as well as to analyze the molecular structures of specific chemical bonds or functional groups, providing valuable insights into fruit disease detection, pesticide residue analysis, and origin identification. Consequently, Raman spectroscopy techniques have demonstrated significant potential in agri-food analysis across various domains. Notably, the frontier of Raman spectroscopy is experiencing a surge in machine learning applications to enhance the resolution and quality of the resulting spectra. This paper reviews the fundamental principles and recent advancements in Raman spectroscopy and explores data processing techniques that use machine learning in Raman spectroscopy, with a focus on its applications in detecting fruit diseases, analyzing pesticide residues, and identifying origins. Finally, it highlights the challenges and future prospects of Raman spectroscopy, offering an effective reference for fruit quality detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residues of the pesticides chlorfenapyr (CFP) and emamectin benzoate (EMB) often coexist in the environment and can be accumulated in the body. To understand the impact of these two chemicals on health, we investigated their effect on the kidneys. In this study, rats were treated with CFP and/or EMB at low/medium/high doses of 1/3/9 mg/kg/day and 0.2/0.6/1.8 mg/kg/day, respectively, via oral gavage for 60 days. Kidneys and serum samples were collected and serum biochemistry and kidney histopathological changes were analyzed and examined. Kidney metabolome alterations were analyzed by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that combined exposure to CFP and EMB elevated BUN levels and induced pathological damage, which presented as thinner renal tubular epithelial cells, an abnormal glomerular morphology, and an increased fibrotic area. CFP and/or EMB disrupted glutathione metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, resulting in the alteration of kidney metabolomes and inducing oxidative stress in the cells of kidney tissues. In addition, CFP decreased ATP content and inhibited pyruvate PDH activity in the kidneys. These findings suggest that long-term exposure to CFP and EMB at environmentally relevant levels induce alterations in the renal metabolome, oxidative stress, and an insufficient energy supply, which may contribute to renal histopathological damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, residues of 10 neonicotinoid insecticides were tested with 143 fresh samples of Oenanthe javanica using the QuEChERS method combined with UPLC-MS/MS. Based on the residue results, the point estimation method was used to assess dietary risks for adults and children, and the cumulative risk was assessed according to the hazard index (HI) and relative potency factor (RPF) methods. The results showed that 71 out of 143 samples of fresh Oenanthe javanica sold in Hainan tested positive for neonicotinoid insecticides, with a detection rate of 49.65%. Six neonicotinoid insecticides were detected and their detection frequencies are as follows: imidacloprid (44.76%), acetamiprid (16.08%), clothianidin (13.29%), dinotefuran (4.90%), thiamethoxam (3.50%) and flonicamid (3.50%). The most frequently co-detected combination was imidacloprid and acetamiprid, with a detection rate of 29.58%. The results of acute and chronic dietary risks showed that all the obtained values of %ADI (acceptable daily intake) and %ARfD (acute reference dose) are far below 100%, so the risks of the six detected neonicotinoid insecticides are acceptable for various population groups. Meanwhile, the results of the cumulative risk showed that all the obtained values of the hazard index and the corrected total exposure concentration are far lower than the health guidelines, indicating that the residue levels of neonicotinoid insecticides in fresh Oenanthe javanica are acceptable. However, it is notable that its acute risk is higher than its chronic risk, and the dietary risk for children is higher than adults. These findings will provide a theoretical basis and objective data for supporting the revision of MRLs for Oenanthe javanica, as well as valuable guidance for the production, consumption, regulation and standardization of Oenanthe javanica sold in Hainan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbendazim (CBZ) is used to prevent fungal infections in agricultural crops. Given its high persistence and potential for long-term health effects, it is crucial to quickly identify pesticide residues in food and the environment in order to mitigate excessive exposure. Aptamer-based sensors offer a promising solution for pesticide detection due to their exceptional selectivity, design versatility, ease of use, and affordability. Herein, we report the development of an electrochemical aptasensor for CBZ detection. The sensor was fabricated through a one-step electrodeposition of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Then, a CBZ-specific aptamer was attached via Pt-sulfur bonds. Upon combining CBZ with the aptamer on the electrode surface, the redox reaction of the electrochemical probe K4[Fe(CN)6] is hindered, resulting in a current drop. Under optimized conditions (pH of 7.5 and 25 min of incubation time), the proposed aptasensor showed a linear current reduction to CBZ concentrations between 0.5 and 15 nM. The limit of detection (LOD) for this proposed aptasensor is 0.41 nM. Along with its repeatable character, the aptasensor demonstrated better selectivity for CBZ compared to other potential compounds. The recovery rates for detecting CBZ in skim milk and tap water using the standard addition method were 98% and 96%, respectively. The proposed aptasensor demonstrated simplicity, sensitivity, and selectivity for detecting CBZ with satisfactory repeatability. It establishes a strong foundation for environmental monitoring of CBZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey, a natural food with a rich history, is produced by honeybees and other species of bees from nectar, other plant fluids, and honeydew of sap-sucking insects. During foraging, these bees may be exposed to plant protection products (PPPs), metals, and metalloids, potentially leading to residues in honey and hive products that could have a negative impact on human safety. Recognizing the lack of an appropriate methodology for pesticide contamination of honey and other hive products, this research aims to support the need for studies on residues in pollen and bee products for human consumption to establish safe maximum residue levels (MRLs) for consumers. A UHPLC-MS/MS residues method and a modified QuEChERS extraction were applied to simultaneously determine 237 pesticide residues in honey and pollen. The study in North Sardinia analyzed honey and pollen samples from six areas for pesticide residues and verified 27 heavy metals and metalloid residues using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The data obtained showed residues at levels close to the LOQ of the method, cycloate in a few samples of pollen, and dichlorvos, zoxamide, cycloate, and chlorantraniliprole in honey samples. All samples showed the absence of heavy metal contamination. Overall, no risk to human health was identified. The results of this study confirm that honey and pollen may be a good bioindicator of environmental contamination of a wide area surrounding honeybee hives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the distribution of commonly used pesticides and their metabolites in drinking water before and after treatment at drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the Yangtze River Delta and to assess the health risks from the perspective of non-carcinogenicity and carcinogenicity. A total of 85 pesticides and their metabolites were analyzed in source, finished, and tap water using online solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Across 91 water samples, 31 parent compounds and 9 metabolites were detected, with the median total concentrations of 62.2 (range: 6.20 to 392) ng/L. Atrazine, 2-hydroxyatrazine, and S-metolachlor were detected in all samples. Advanced treatment processes at DWTPs effectively reduced the residues of pesticides and their metabolites (removal rates 51.5~95.2%), with removal rates for metabolites significantly lower than those for parent compounds (p = 0.03). Regarding health risks, the estimated carcinogenic risk for pesticides and metabolites detected in tap water was within acceptable limits and the non-carcinogenic risk was insignificant. However, it is important to note that both of the two compounds with the relatively highest non-carcinogenic risks are pesticide metabolites. Overall, this study showed that despite dozens of pesticides and metabolites being detected in water from the Yangtze River Delta, their health risks were assessed to be insignificant. The lower effectiveness of current advanced treatments in removing pesticide metabolites indicates the necessity of technique improvement in DWTPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of pesticides remains a necessary measure for pest management in agriculture, particularly in the cultivation of fruits and vegetables. After harvest, the presence of pesticide residues in greengrocery (fruits and vegetables) is significantly influenced by various factors, including storage conditions, handling practices, and subsequent processing methods. The mitigation of these residues to levels compliant with regulated maximum thresholds ensures the safety of raw and processed fruits and vegetables for consumption. A contemporary survey of pesticide residues in greengrocery has gathered considerable attention from consumers, driven by concerns over the potential health risk of pesticide exposure. Consequently, consumers want to be extensively informed about household processing techniques to minimize associated risks. Meanwhile, a critical question arises: does household processing effectively eliminate pesticide residues? A comprehensive review of the literature reveals that conventional methods, such as washing and soaking, offer only limited reduction in residue levels, while emerging treatments, suitable both at household and industrial scale, demonstrate increased efficiency in residues mitigation. This study aims to emphasise the ubiquitous use of pesticides in crop cultivation while providing recommendations for the implementation of efficient treatment protocols to address residue concerns. Following upon available evidence and database mining, the worldwide purpose must be to outline agriculturally and economically viable strategies that prioritize both the health and safety of consumers, as well as the green cultivation and processing of fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document explores the impact of environmental factors and management practices on bee health, focusing on the global crisis affecting honeybee, bumblebee, and solitary bee populations. Stressors such as pathogens, pests like Varroa destructor, pesticides, habitat loss, and climate change contribute to bee colony decline. Innovative control measures, including essential oils as alternatives to synthetic acaricides and advancements in diagnostic tools, are highlighted. Research also delves into the effects of urbanization, pesticide exposure, and agricultural intensification on bee health, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches to safeguard bee populations and ecosystem sustainability. [Extracted from the article]

The possibility of using kitchen electrolyzed water devices (EWDs) for removing residual concentrations of pesticides (malathion, fenitrothion, and p,p′-DDT) from lemon, cucumber, and carrot surfaces was tested. Three commercial devices with different parameters were tested, and their effectiveness was compared with traditional washing methods using water. Based on the results, it was found that by using EWDs, the best removal of water-soluble pesticides was achieved with malathion and fenitrothion (reduction of up to 80%). The worst effectiveness was observed for lipophilic DDT, where a reduction of 20 to 40% was noted. Traditional methods proved to be more effective for removing DDT. Our studies have shown that EWDs can effectively remove pesticide residues; however, further studies should be conducted on a wider spectrum of pesticides and the process should be optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food quality and safety are critical public health concerns, with approximately 600 million people worldwide being affected by foodborne diseases each year due to contamination. These diseases not only lead to a notable number of deaths but also impose substantial economic burdens, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Given the severe health risks posed by food contaminants, developing advanced, sensitive analytical methods to detect such contaminants is essential. Contemporary food safety challenges include detecting contaminants at trace levels and managing cumulative risks from simultaneous exposure to multiple chemicals. Liquid chromatography, particularly in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/MS), has proven indispensable for detecting key contaminants such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, veterinary residues, packaging-derived contaminants, mycotoxins, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids in various food matrices. The present article reviews recent studies on the subject published between 2020 and 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most widely managed pollinator and is vital for crop fertilization. Recently, bee colonies have been suffering high mortality rates, exacerbated by factors such as land-use changes and the use of pesticides. Our work aimed to explore the residues of pesticides in honey-bee-collected pollen and how this contamination was affected by seasonality and the landscape composition. We selected six apiaries from different landscapes in Latvia, and pollen samples were collected during the flowering season (2023). We analyzed 39 samples and found 21 pesticide residues (mainly fungicides) with a frequency of 93 occurrences where the values were above the limit of quantification. The most frequently encountered substances were acetamiprid, boscalid, fluopyram, and prothioconazole. However, the highest concentrations were for dimoxystrobin (44 µg kg−1), acetamiprid (37 µg kg−1), azoxystrobin (27 µg kg−1), prothioconazole (25 µg kg−1), and boscalid (15 µg kg−1). We then calculated the Pollen Hazard Quotient (PHQ) for each pollen sample. No sample had a PHQ value above the critical value of 50. The highest contamination level was observed in the first half of the vegetation season (the end of May and the beginning of June), but later, it significantly decreased. We did not find any significant influence of landscape composition on pesticide pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review summarizes the latest progress in enzyme preparation, including enzyme design and modification technology, exploration of new enzyme sources, and application of enzyme preparation in food processing, detection, and preservation. The directed evolution technology improved the stability and catalytic efficiency of enzymes, while enzyme immobilization technology enhanced reusability and industrial applicability. Extremozymes and biomimetic enzymes exhibit excellent performance under harsh conditions. In food processing, enzyme preparation can improve food quality and flavor. In food detection, enzymes combined with immune detection and biosensors realize rapid detection of allergens, pollutants, and pesticide residues. In food preservation, enzymes enhance food quality by extending shelf life and inhibiting microbial growth. In the future, enzyme engineering will be combined with computer-aided design, artificial intelligence, and new material technology to promote intelligent enzyme design and multifunctional enzyme preparation development and help the technological upgrading and sustainable development of the food industry and green chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncontrolled use of pesticides in agriculture leads to negative consequences for the environment, as well as for human and animal health. Therefore, timely detection of pesticides will allow application of measures to eliminate the excess of maximum residue limits and reduce possible negative consequences in advance. Common methods of pesticide analysis suffer from high costs, and are time consuming, and labor intensive. Currently, more attention is being paid to the development of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors as a non-destructive and highly sensitive tool for detecting various chemicals in agricultural applications. This review focuses on the current developments of biocompatible SERS substrates based on natural materials with unique micro/nanostructures, flexible SERS substrates based on biopolymers, as well as functionalized SERS substrates, which are close to the current needs and requirements of agricultural product quality control and environmental safety assessment. The impact of herbicides on the process of photosynthesis is considered and the prospects for the application of Raman spectroscopy and SERS for the detection of herbicides are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades, the global occurrence of pesticide residues in aquatic environments has been a pivotal issue; however, their trace-level concentrations necessitate the establishment of ultra-sensitive and reliable analytical approaches. To this end, the present study describes the optimization and validation of an LC-HRMS-based method for the accurate determination of 18 pesticides in river and sea water, accompanied by a measurement uncertainty estimation. This method was applied to analyze 17 real samples from agriculture and aquaculture-impacted areas in Greece and Albania. Different solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocols were tested. For the analysis, cutting-edge Orbitrap MS technology and MS/MS fragmentation, along with the use of matrix-matched calibration curves, provided unprecedented accuracy (<5 ppm) and sensitivity for the confirmation of positive detections. Regarding method performance, exceptional linearity was obtained; the limits of quantification ranged from 1.7 ng L−1 to 90 ng L−1, recoveries varied from 61% to 96% in river water, while slightly higher recoveries (60–111%) were observed in seawater. In all cases, repeatability and intra-laboratory reproducibility were below 15%. The measurement expanded uncertainty (U′, k = 2) was estimated considering precision and bias. MU% values were lower than 50% in all cases, as recommended in SANTE guidelines and applied to the quantified results. The matrix effect study exhibited negative values (<20%) for all compounds. Application to real samples showed a low pesticide contamination load that should not be underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This work is intended to propose an accessible and flexible method for citrus growers to assess in-field the pesticide residue coverage on the leaf surface. The developed software enables the analysis of digital images captured under sunlight and/or UV light exposure to visualize the residue deposition coverage. This technological tool could serve growers in the determination of pesticide residue coverage to guide their decision-making process for pesticide application timing and frequency. Globally, the agricultural industry has benefited from using pesticides to minimize crop losses. Nevertheless, the indiscriminate overuse of pesticides has led to significant risks associated with a detrimental impact on the environment and human health. Therefore, emerging concerns of pesticide residue found in crops, food, and livestock are a pressing issue. To address the above challenges, there have been many efforts made towards implementing machine learning to enable precision agricultural practices to reduce pesticide overuse. As of today, there are no guiding digital tools available for citrus growers to provide pesticide residue leaf coverage analysis after foliar applications. Herein, we are the first to report software assisted by lightweight machine learning (ML) to determine the Kocide 3000 and Oxytetracycline (OTC) residue coverage on citrus leaves based on image data analysis. This tool integrates a foundational Segment Anything Model (SAM) for image preprocessing to isolate the area of interest. In addition, Kocide 3000 and Oxytetracycline (OTC) residue coverage analysis was carried out using a specialized Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). This CNN was pre-trained on the MS COCO dataset and fine-tuned by training with acquired datasets in laboratory and field conditions. The developed software demonstrated excellent performance on both pesticides' accuracy, precision, and recall, and F1 score metrics. In summary, this tool has the potential to assist growers with the decision-making process for controlling pesticide use rate and frequency, minimizing pesticide overuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues in food are a global concern due to their potential impacts on human health and the environment. This study investigates pesticide residues in vegetables commonly consumed in Egypt, utilizing advanced analytical techniques such as Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). A total of 4200 vegetable samples, including cucumber, squash, eggplant, okra, peas, onion, green onion, parsley, lettuce, and cantaloupe, were collected from 20 markets across different Egyptian governorates between 2018 and 2021. The analysis revealed that 42% of the samples contained pesticide residues, with only 13% of the analyzed samples exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by Codex/EU-MRL standards. Despite this, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the detected pesticides did not surpass acceptable daily intake (ADI) limits, suggesting no immediate chronic health risks to consumers. These findings highlight Egypt's ongoing commitment to food safety, while also underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices to ensure the long-term safety and quality of the food supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic mulches, fertilizers and pesticides have been extensively employed in agriculture to increase crop yields, though it has also led to the inadvertent accumulation of them over time. These accumulations have the potential to disrupt the soil ecological process and subsequently impact the plant community composition. Alien plants always benefit from environmental variability, thus whether the accumulation of fertilizer, plastic, and pesticide in soil promotes the dominance of alien plants in an invaded community. Here, five aliens and co-occurring natives were selected as study materials, and a full factorial experiment was conducted to answer this question. Our study found that microplastics promote the biomass production of native plants at higher nutrient availability while having marginal influence on growth of alien plants. Alien plants exhibited a lower root mass fraction (RMF) with increased nutrient availability and a higher specific leaf area (SLA) in response to the addition of nutrients and microplastics. Pesticide residues in the soil also significantly decreased the root mass fraction of three species, but there was no significant difference between the effects on alien and native species. Overall, our results revealed that alien species adjusted their functional traits more quickly, but native species gained more growth advantages in response to fertilization and microplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice straw is used as livestock feed and compost. Ferimzone and tricyclazole, common fungicides for rice blast control, can be found in high concentrations in rice straw after unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying, potentially affecting livestock and human health through pesticide residues. In this study, an optimized method for the analysis of the two fungicides in rice straw was developed using the improved QuEChERS method. After the optimization of water and solvent volume, extraction conditions including ethyl acetate (EtOAc), acetonitrile (MeCN), a mixed solvent, and MeCN containing 1% acetic acid were compared. Different salts, including unbuffered sodium chloride, citrate, and acetate buffer salts, were compared for partitioning. Among the preparation methods, the MeCN/EtOAc mixture with unbuffered salts showed the highest recovery rates (88.1–97.9%, RSD ≤ 5.1%). To address the severe matrix effect (%ME) of rice straw, which is characterized by low moisture content and cellulose-based complex matrices, samples were purified using 25 mg each of primary–secondary amine (PSA) and octadecylsilane (C18), without pesticide loss. The developed method was validated with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.005 mg/kg for target pesticides, and recovery rates at levels of 0.01, 0.1, and 2 mg/kg met the permissible range (82.3–98.9%, RSD ≤ 8.3%). The %ME ranged from −17.6% to −0.3%, indicating a negligible effect. This optimized method was subsequently applied to residue studies following multi-rotor spraying. Fungicides from all fields and treatment groups during harvest season did not exceed the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for livestock feed. This confirms that UAV spraying can be safely managed without causing excessive residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust analytical method was developed for the simultaneous detection of 504 pesticide multiresidues in various crops using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF). The method integrates both MS1 and MS2 levels through sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH) analysis, allowing for accurate mass measurements and the construction of a spectral library to enhance pesticide residue identification. An evaluation of the method was carried out according to international standards, including the FAO guidelines and SANTE/11312/2021. Validation across five representative crops—potato, cabbage, mandarin, brown rice, and soybean—demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, with over 80% of the analytes detected at trace levels (≤2.5 μg/kg). Moreover, an impressive 96.8% to 98.8% of the compounds demonstrated LOQs of ≤10 μg/kg. Most compounds exhibited excellent linearity (r2 ≥ 0.980) and satisfactory recovery rates at spiking levels of 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg. Among 42 crop samples analyzed, pesticides were detected in 1 cabbage, 3 mandarin, and 6 rice samples, with a mass accuracy within ±5 ppm and a Fit score ≥ 70.8, confirming the method's practical applicability and reliability. The detected residues ranged from 12.3 to 339.3 μg/kg, all below the established maximum residue limits (MRLs). This comprehensive approach offers an efficient, reliable, and scalable solution for pesticide multiresidue monitoring, supporting food safety programs and regulatory compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the persistence, distribution, and efficacy of trunk-injected pesticides in Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine) with regard to controlling pinewood nematodes (PWNs, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), the causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). In this study, we compared pesticide residues in the needles and branches of Korean pine, revealing significant declines in pesticide residues over time after treatments were applied. Notably, abamectin residues decreased from 0.2325 mg/kg to 0.0901 mg/kg in branches over a period of 18 months. In contrast, emamectin benzoate showed a variation in residue decline depending on the formulation, with the residue level in branches decreasing from 0.1220 mg/kg to 0.0328 mg/kg over the same period. From a spatial perspective, the results revealed minimal differences in pesticide residue at varying tree heights, although a decrease in upper canopy residue was observed in some cases. The nematicidal efficacy test demonstrated that none of the treated trees developed PWN symptoms. Overall, the findings suggest that the trunk-injected pesticides abamectin and emamectin benzoate can persist for two years, with the residue levels being sufficient to prevent PWN propagation, even when the levels are below critical inhibition concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial agricultural waste, including winter jujube residues, pits, and sawdust, is generated during the planting and processing of winter jujubes. To recycle these wastes, they were used to cultivate Stropharia rugosoannulata. The nutrient composition, mineral elements, 179 pesticide residues, and heavy metals in the wastes and S. rugosoannulata were tested. Cultivating the liquid spawn of S. rugosoannulata with 40 g/L winter jujube residue as a substitute for glucose significantly increased the mycelial pellets' biomass by 136%, resulting in more uniform pellets. Secondary strains of S. rugosoannulata were cultured using winter jujube pits, showing no significant difference in mycelial growth rate and vigor compared to the control (CK) across additive levels of 10–30%. The fruit bodies of S. rugosoannulata cultivated with winter jujube sawdust exhibited no detectable pesticide residues and a lower heavy metal content than the allowable limits, with a protein content of 36.7 g/100 g. Additionally, the mineral element potassium surpassed sodium by over 200 times, rendering it a potassium-rich, low-sodium food source. Utilizing winter jujube wastes for S. rugosoannulata cultivation effectively repurposed these wastes through sustainable recycling. This approach not only reduces cultivation costs but also yields safe and nutritious edible fungal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with modified QuEChERS sample preparation has been applied to the high-throughput screening of pesticide residuals in rice collected from Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia markets. Both countries consume high volumes of rice, which is a fundamental food for their populations. We report optimized sample preparation and mass spectrometry analysis protocols, which can be rapidly deployed in analytical laboratories. The screening of four groups (organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroid, organonitrogen, and organochlorine) of a total of 115 pesticides can be performed within ~10 min using a matrix-matched calibration. For most compounds, the limits of detection and quantification (LOD/LOQ) are well below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of the main regulators. The method generally demonstrates acceptable recovery values (91 compounds 75–125% and 10 compounds 30–75%). Out of 55 rice samples analyzed, 16 samples (29%) contained pesticide residues above LOQ. Four samples contained chlorpyrifos with concentrations ranging from 21.3 to 71.9 µg/kg, ten samples contained tebuconazole (34.7–69.0 µg/kg), and three samples contained pirimiphos methyl (10.7–20.7 µg/kg). The concentrations of the pesticide residues detected in these samples are well below MRL of FAO/WHO (chlorpyrifos, 500 µg/kg; tebuconazole, 1500 µg/kg; pirimiphos methyl, 7000 µg/kg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dichlorvos (DDVP) is an organophosphorus pesticide commonly used in agriculture for pest control, which may enter the organism from the food chain and cause harm. This study aimed to investigate the mitigation effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM8661 (a strain of the bacteria) on DDVP toxicity. Sixty male mice were randomly divided into five groups including control (saline), model (DDVP), low-dose, medium-dose, and high-dose groups, and alleviating effect was evaluated by determining body weight, pesticide residues, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and by histological analysis. The results showed that compared with the model group, body weight and acetylcholinesterase activity, and SOD, CAT, T-AOC, and GSH levels significantly increased, and serum DDVP content, MDA level, IL-1β, and TNF-α significantly decreased after administration of the L. plantarum CCFM8661. The study demonstrated that L. plantarum CCFM8661 exhibited a significant detoxification effect on pesticide toxicity in mice, providing a theoretical basis for the application of probiotics in mitigating pesticide-induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues in human diets pose significant health hazards, particularly for vulnerable populations such as infants and children. This study aimed to determine pesticide residues in apples and to assess the cumulatively chronic risk posed to adult and child consumers from simultaneous exposure to multiple residues. During the 2022–2023 harvest seasons, 100 apple samples from Turkey were analyzed for the presence of 225 different pesticide residues. Pesticide extraction was performed using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection through liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Fifteen distinct pesticides (ten insecticides and five fungicides) were detected in 64 out of the 100 apple samples analyzed. Eleven samples contained pesticide residues that exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by the Turkish Food Codex and the European Union. Thiophanate-methyl was the most frequently detected pesticide (34%) in apples, with concentrations ranging from 0.012 to 0.108 mg kg−1, all of which were well below the MRL of 0.5 mg kg−1. Other commonly detected residues included chlorantraniliprole (28%), acetamiprid (24%), sulfoxaflor (22%), bifenazate (18%), indoxacarb (13%), diflubenzuron (12%), and carbendazim (10%). Under a worst-case scenario, the hazard index (HI) values for adults and children were 0.85% and 2.60%, respectively, indicating that these values remain significantly below the risk threshold of 100%, suggesting no associated health risks from apple consumption. However, regular monitoring of pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables remains critically important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consequences of climate change along with diverse food regulations and agricultural practices worldwide are complexifying the occurrence and management of chemical contaminants in food. In this context, we present an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) approach for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of over 1100 pesticide residues, mycotoxins, and plant toxins in cereals and fruits and vegetables. Analytical conditions were optimized to maximize the scope of the targeted molecules, the reliability of compound identification, and quantification performance within a single method. The method was further transferred and validated in another laboratory to assess its ruggedness. Validation according to the SANTE 11312/2021v2 guidelines showed that 92% and 98% of the molecules fulfill the quantification criteria at the lowest validated level in the cereals and fruits and vegetables groups, respectively. Analysis of fifteen certified reference materials led to a 96% satisfactory rate of z-scores confirming method's competitiveness. Furthermore, the occurrence of these contaminants was studied in 205 cereals and grains samples collected worldwide. The low µg/kg quantification limits make this LC-HRMS method a valuable tool to ensure compliance toward regulations and to screen for non-regulated substances for which occurrence data are crucial for an appropriate risk evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the technological parameters, microbiological, and functional properties of juice from Solaris grapes grown under conventional and organic farming systems to assess how these cultivation methods influence juice quality. The one-year study focused on key aspects such as the levels of health-promoting polyphenols, the presence of mycotoxins, and pesticide residues. Organic grapes showed greater bacterial and fungal diversity, with significant differences in dominant genera. Sphingomonas and Massilia were the predominant bacteria across both systems, while Erysiphe was more common in conventional grapes, and Aureobasidium was abundant in both. Despite the presence of genes for mycotoxin production, no mycotoxins were detected in the juice or pomace. Organic juice exhibited significantly higher levels of polyphenols, leading to enhanced antioxidant properties and improved technological characteristics, including lower acidity and higher nitrogen content. However, residues of sulfur and copper, used in organic farming, were detected in the juice, while conventional juice contained synthetic pesticide residues like cyprodinil and fludioxonil. These findings highlight that while organic juice offers better quality and safety in terms of polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, it also carries risks related to residues from organic treatments, and conventional juice poses risks due to synthetic pesticide contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues pose significant risks to human health and the environment, emphasizing the need for sensitive detection and analysis methods. Fluorescence-based sensors, particularly those utilizing aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorophores (AIEgens), have demonstrated exceptional performance in this area. This review summarizes key advancements in pesticide detection sensors based on AIEgens, detailing their luminescence mechanisms and fluorescence sensing principles. It explores various applications of AIEgens in fluorescence sensors, including organic small-molecule sensors, nanocomposite sensors, metal-organic framework sensors, supramolecular sensors, fluorescent porous organic polymer sensors, and lateral flow immunoassay sensors, with specific examples illustrating their detection mechanisms and performance. This review also discusses current challenges and future perspectives for the development of these sensors. We anticipate that this review will serve as a valuable and timely resource for researchers working to advance the development and application of AIEgens-based sensors in pesticide detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides play a critical role in modern agriculture by protecting crops and ensuring higher yields, but their widespread use raises concerns about human health and environmental impact. Regulatory agencies impose Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) to ensure safety, and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assesses pesticide risks. This study monitored pesticide residues in 169 feed samples from Piedmont (Italy) collected between 2019 and 2023. Using GC-MS/MS, residues were found in 92% of animal-based and 70% of cereal-based feedstuffs. The most common pesticides in cereal-based feeds were pyrimiphos-methyl, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, azoxystrobin, and tetramethrin, and the pesticide synergist piperonyl-butoxide demonstrated a significant increase in contaminated samples in 2023. The lower concentrations in 2021 were likely due to COVID-19 impacts on pesticide availability. In animal-based feeds, common pesticides included deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and the pesticide synergist piperonyl-butoxide. The results highlight the pervasive presence of low-dose pesticide mixtures in feed and food chains, which could impact health, although do not pose acute risks. The study emphasizes the need for ongoing pesticide monitoring and awareness of the long-term effects of chronic pesticide exposure on animal, human, and environmental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an electronic tongue (E-tongue) and electronic nose (E-nose) systems were applied to detect pesticide residues, specifically Preza, Daconil, Curzate, Bricol, Accros, Amistar, and Funlate, in fruits such as cape gooseberries, apples, plums, and strawberries. These advanced systems present several advantages over conventional methods (e.g., GC-MS and others), including faster analysis, lower costs, ease of use, and portability. Additionally, they enable non-destructive testing and real-time monitoring, making them ideal for routine screenings and on-site analyses where effective detection is crucial. The collected data underwent rigorous analysis through multivariate techniques, specifically principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The application of machine learning (ML) algorithms resulted in a good outcome, achieving high accuracies in identifying fruits contaminated with pesticides and accurately determining the concentrations of those pesticides. This level of precision underscores the robustness and reliability of the methodologies employed, highlighting their potential as alternative tools for pesticide residue detection in agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study assessed the toxic effects of two pesticides, lambda-cyhalothrin (LCY) and spinetoram (SPI), on honey bee larvae. Through single (acute) and repeated (chronic) exposures, the research determined the lethal dose, 50% (LD50). The acute LD50 values for LCY and SPI were 0.058 (0.051–0.066) and 0.026 (0.01–0.045) μg a.i./larva, respectively. The chronic LD50 values were 0.040 (0.033–0.046) μg a.i./larva for LCY and 0.017 (0.014–0.019) μg a.i./larva for SPI, indicating higher toxicity with prolonged exposure. The study also found that the chronic no-observed-effect dose was 0.0125 μg a.i./larva for both pesticides. Chronic exposure to LCY and SPI in the larval stage resulted in deformed wings and antennae in newly emerged bees. The activities of enzymes related to detoxification, antioxidation, and neurotransmission were altered in bees exposed to these pesticides at sublethal and residue concentrations. Collectively, these data suggest that larval exposure to LCY and SPI disrupts normal development, thus posing a potential health risk to honey bees. Honeybees play a crucial role as agricultural pollinators and are frequently exposed to various pollutants, including pesticides. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCY) and spinetoram (SPI) in honey bee larvae reared in vitro through single (acute) and repeated (chronic) exposure. The acute LD50 values for LCY and SPI were 0.058 (0.051–0.066) and 0.026 (0.01–0.045) μg a.i./larva, respectively. In chronic exposure, the LD50 values of LCY and SPI were 0.040 (0.033–0.046) and 0.017 (0.014–0.019) μg a.i./larva, respectively. The chronic no-observed-effect dose of LCY and SPI was 0.0125 μg a.i./larva. Adult deformation rates exceeded 30% in all LCY treatment groups, showing statistically significant differences compared to the solvent control group (SCG). Similarly, SPI-treated bees exhibited significantly more deformities than SCG. Furthermore, we examined the activities of several enzymes, namely, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in larvae, pupae, and newly emerged bees after chronic exposure at the larval stage (honey bee larval chronic LD50, LD50/10 (1/10th of LD50), and LD50/20 (1/20th of LD50)). LCY and SPI induced significant changes in detoxification (GST), antioxidative (SOD and CAT), and signaling enzymes (AChE) during the developmental stages (larvae, pupae, and adults) of honey bees at sublethal and residue levels. Our results indicate that LCY and SPI may affect the development of honey bees and alter the activity of enzymes associated with oxidative stress, detoxification, and neurotransmission. These results highlight the potential risks that LCY and SPI may pose to the health and normal development of honey bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Working in lowbush blueberry fields, we studied how to provide a holistic measure of pesticide exposure to bees. Several different taxa of bees can be involved in blueberry pollination, including honey bees, bumble bees (which are native), and other native bees, such as mason, mining, and leafcutter bees. Using chemical analysis, we compared and contrasted samples from different sources to (1) measure pesticide exposure and (2) predict exposure risk in light of established levels of concern established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. We trapped honey bee pollen as foragers entered the hive and, within the three years of the study, found considerable similarity of these samples to treated flowers; the measures were the number and concentration of pesticide residues, as well as the predicted level of risk. We found differences among two or three of these measures when comparing trapped honey bee pollen and trapped mason bee pollen, as well as between trapped honey bee pollen and whole bodies of captured honey bees. In these comparisons, the number of residues detected in honey bee pollen was typically greater, as was the estimated risk. The residues found when comparing whole body analysis of honey bee workers, bumble bee queens, and other native bees showed similarity in total residue concentrations and risk, but there was a higher number of different residues detected on honey bees. This research complements another study (Part I) focused on honey bee pollen trapping in lowbush blueberry and cranberry. Both studies provide a toxicological baseline for pesticide residue exposure to pollinators in the lowbush blueberry agroecosystem. In lowbush blueberry fields, we conducted residue analysis comparing flowers, trapped pollen (honey bee and Osmia spp.), and collected bees (honey bee workers, bumble bee queens, and non-Bombus spp. wild native bees). The study was conducted from 2012 to 2014. The number of pesticide residues, total concentrations, and risk to honey bees (Risk Quotient) on flowers were not significantly different from those determined for trapped honey bee pollen (except in one study year when residues detected in flower samples were significantly lower than residue numbers detected in trapped pollen). The compositions of residues were similar on flowers and trapped pollen. The number of residues detected in honey bee pollen was significantly greater than the number detected in Osmia spp. pollen, while the total concentration of residue was not different between the two types of pollen. The risk to honey bees was higher in trapped honey bee pollen than in trapped Osmia spp. pollen. The analysis of honey bee workers, native bumble bee queens, and native solitary bees showed that although more pesticide residues were detected on honey bee workers, there were no differences among the bee taxa in total residue concentrations or risk (as estimated in terms of risk to honey bees). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical fungicides can effectively prevent and control powdery mildew, but they can also leave pesticide residues in the environment and on cucumbers. In this study, we added sulfur powder to the soil where cucumbers were grown to see how it affected the occurrence of powdery mildew. The results showed that adding sulfur increased sulfur absorption by the cucumbers, improved plant immunity, and reduced the incidence of powdery mildew. Furthermore, adding sulfur to the soil increased soluble protein content in cucumber leaves, enhanced photosynthesis, and significantly increased fruit yield. Additionally, sulfur addition decreased soil dehydrogenase activity and increased sucrase activity, potentially impacting soil microbial activity. In conclusion, this study found that adding sulfur had a positive inhibitory effect on the occurrence of cucumber powdery mildew while not significantly impacting the soil environment. These findings provide valuable insights for developing new control methods that are easy to implement, cost-effective, reliable, and environmentally safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues in soil, especially multiple herbicide residues, cause a series of adverse effects on soil properties and microorganisms. In this work, the degradation of three herbicides and the effect on bacterial communities under combined pollution was investigated. The experimental results showed that the half-lives of acetochlor and prometryn significantly altered under combined exposure (5.02–11.17 d) as compared with those of individual exposure (4.70–6.87 d) in soil, suggesting that there was an antagonistic effect between the degradation of acetochlor and prometryn in soil. No remarkable variation in the degradation rate of atrazine with half-lives of 6.21–6.85 d was observed in different treatments, indicating that the degradation of atrazine was stable. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing results showed that the antagonistic effect of acetochlor and prometryn on the degradation rate under combined pollution was related to variation of the Sphingomonas and Nocardioide. Furthermore, the potential metabolic pathways of the three herbicides in soil were proposed and a new metabolite of acetochlor was preliminarily identified. The results of this work provide a guideline for the risk evaluation of combined pollution of the three herbicides with respect to their ecological effects in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A deep eutectic solvent (DES) with the ability to change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic was designed and synthesized and applied to the determination of organophosphorus (OPP) pesticides in honeysuckle dew samples. Choline chloride, phenol, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were used as the hydrogen bond acceptor, hydrogen bond donor, and demulsifier, respectively. Eight OPP pesticides were extracted by DES coupled with ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UA) and then chromatographed by GC-MS. DES used as an extract solvent has the advantages of high extraction efficiency, low cost, and environmental protection. Furthermore, DES is compatible with GC-MS. The single factor experiment design and Box–Behnken design (BBD) were applied to the optimization of experimental factors, including the type and composition of extraction solvent, type of demulsifier solvent, the volume of DES and THF, pH of sample solution, and ultrasonic time. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the high degree of linearity from 0.1 to 20.0 ng mL−1 (R2 ≥ 0.9989), the limits of detection from 0.014 to 0.051 ng mL−1 (S/N = 3), and the recoveries of analytes from 81.4 to 104.4% with relative standard deviation below 8.6%. In addition, the adsorption mechanism of OPPs on DES was explored by adsorption kinetic studies. These results have demonstrated that the present method has offered an effective, accurate, and sensitive methodology for OPP pesticides in honeysuckle dew samples, and this method provides a reference for the detection of pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safe drinking water is essential to a healthy lifestyle and has been recognised as a human right by numerous countries. However, the realisation of this right remains largely aspirational, particularly in impoverished nations that lack adequate resources for water quality testing. Kenya, a Sub-Saharan country, bears the brunt of this challenge. Pesticide imports in Kenya increased by 144% from 2015 to 2018, with sales data indicating that 76% of these pesticides are classified as highly hazardous. This trend continues to rise. Over 70% of Kenya's population resides in rural areas, with 75% of the rural population engaged in agriculture and using pesticides. Agriculture is the country's main economic activity, contributing over 30% of its gross domestic product (GDP). The situation is further exacerbated by the lack of monitoring for pesticide residues in surface water and groundwater, coupled with the absence of piped water infrastructure in rural areas. Consequently, contamination levels are high, as agricultural runoff is a major contaminant of surface water and groundwater. The increased use of pesticides to enhance agricultural productivity exacerbates environmental degradation and harms water ecosystems, adversely affecting public health. This study proposes the development of a wireless sensor system that utilizes radio-frequency identification (RFID), Long-range (LoRa) protocol and a global system for mobile communications (GSM) for monitoring pesticide prevalence in groundwater sources. From the system design, individuals with limited literacy skills, advanced age, or non-expert users can utilize it with ease. The reliability of the LoRa protocol in transmitting data packets is thoroughly investigated to ensure effective communication. The system features a user-friendly interface for straightforward data input and facilitates broader access to information by employing various remote wireless sensing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonicotinoids (NEOs), used as insecticides against aphids, whiteflies, lepidopterans, and beetles, have numerous detrimental impacts on human health, including chronic illnesses, cancer, infertility, and birth anomalies. Monitoring the residues in food products is necessary to guarantee public health and ecological balance. The present work validated a new method to measure seven neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid ACT, clothianidin CLT, dinotefuran DNT, imidacloprid IMD, nitenpyram NTP, thiacloprid TCP, and thiamethoxan THT) in wheat. The analytical procedure was based on simple and fast wheat sample cleanup using solid-phase extraction (SPE) to remove interferents and enrich the NEOs, alongside the NEOs' separation and quantification by reverse-phase chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (DAD). The validation process was validated using the accuracy profile strategy, a straightforward decision tool based on the measure of the total error (bias plus standard deviation) of the method. Our results proved that, in the future, at least 95% of the results obtained with the proposed method would fall within the ±15% acceptance limits. The test's cost-effectiveness, rapidity, and simplicity suggest its use for determining the levels of acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam in routine analyses of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Due to issues with pesticide residues and resistance caused by traditional pesticides, the use of modified atmosphere storage technology has become increasingly popular. However, research has shown that prolonged exposure to high concentrations of CO2 for pest control in this technology can lead to insect resistance to hypoxia. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the resistance mechanism. This study identifies TcCYP6K1 and TcCYP9F2 as key factors in the response to high CO2 in Tribolium castaneum, suggesting that these genes may affect the resistance to high CO2 by influencing in the synthesis or breakdown of the carbohydrate metabolism pathways. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the combined use of novel nucleic acid pesticides and modified atmosphere treatment. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP), crucial detoxification enzymes in insects, are involved in the metabolism of endogenous substances as well as the activation and degradation of exogenous compounds. In this study, T. castaneum was utilized to investigate the roles of TcCYP6K1 and TcCYP9F2 genes influencing in the trehalose metabolism pathway under high-CO2 stress. By predicting the functional sequences of TcCYP6K1 and TcCYP9F2 genes and analyzing their spatiotemporal expression patterns, it was discovered that both genes belong to the CYP3 group and exhibit high expression levels during the larval stage, decreasing during the pupal stage, while showing high expression in the fatty body, intestine, and malpighian tubules. Furthermore, following the knockdown of TcCYP6K1 and TcCYP9F2 genes in combination with treating larvae with 75% CO2, it was observed that larval mortality increased, and glycogen content significantly decreased, while trehalose content increased significantly. Additionally, membrane-bound trehalase enzyme activity declined, TPS gene expression was significantly upregulated, GS gene expression was significantly downregulated, and ATP content showed a marked decrease. In conclusion, CYP genes are critical responsive genes of T. castaneum to high CO2 levels, potentially impacting the insect's resistance to carbon dioxide through their involvement in the synthesis or breakdown of the carbohydrate metabolism pathway. These findings could serve as a theoretical basis for the utilization of novel pesticides in low-oxygen grain storage techniques and offer new insights for environmentally friendly pest control strategies in grain storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Working in two native berry crops, we trapped honey bee pollen as foragers entered the hive. We then obtained grower records of the pesticides that were applied on the farm. We analyzed the pesticide residues in each pollen sample and established a baseline for real-world exposure levels and combinations to contaminated pollen. Between the two crops, the number of pesticides, total residue concentrations, and risk of exposure varied. The blueberry residue array was dominated by fungicides and miticides and cranberry was dominated by insecticides and herbicides. In most cases, pesticide residue concentrations were of low risk (low risk quotient) to honey bees in these crops. We documented that there were many residues that foragers would have picked up "off-farm." The reports from growers regarding their pesticide application dates allowed estimates of field decay rates of several common pesticides. Some compounds were detected in pollen many days after application. Taken together, our findings may be key to future work aimed at reducing risk to bees. A pesticide exposure baseline for honey bees was compiled for two New England cropping systems, the native North American plant species consisting of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton). More unique pesticide compounds were applied in blueberry than cranberry, but the numbers of pesticides discovered in trapped honey bee pollen were similar between the two crop systems. Not all pesticides found in pollen were the result of the applications reported by growers of either crop. When comparing residues, number of pesticides detected, total concentration, and risk quotient varied between the two crops. Also, blueberry was dominated by fungicides and miticides (varroacides) and cranberry was dominated by insecticides and herbicides. When comparing reported grower applications that were matched with detection in residues, the proportion of pesticide numbers, concentrations, and risk quotients varied by crop system and pesticide class. In most cases, pesticide residue concentrations were of low risk (low risk quotient) to honey bees in these crops. Estimation of decay rates of some of the most common pesticide residues under field conditions could aid growers in selection of less persistent compounds, together with safe application dates, prior to bringing in honey bees for pollination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent study showed the potential of the DA Perten 7200 NIR Spectrometer in detecting chlorpyrifos-methyl pesticide residue in rough, brown, and milled rice. However, this instrument is still lab-based and generally suited for point-of-sale testing. To provide a field-deployable version of this technique, an existing light emitting diode (LED)-based instrument that provides discrete NIR wavelength illumination and reflectance spectra over the range of 850–1550 nm was tested. Spectra were collected from rough, brown, and milled rice at different pesticide concentrations and analyzed for quantitative and qualitative measurement using partial least squares regression (PLS) and discriminant analysis (DA). Simulations for two LED-based instruments were also evaluated using corresponding segments of spectra from the DA7200 to represent LED illumination. For the simulation of the existing LED-based instrument (LEDPrototype1) fitted with 850, 910, 940, 970, 1070, 1200, 1300, 1450, and 1550 nm LED wavelengths, resulting R2 ranged from 0.52 to 0.71, and the correct classification was 70.4% to 100%. The simulation of a second LED instrument (LEDPrototype2) fitted with 980, 1050, 1200, 1300, 1450, 1550, 1600, and 1650 nm LED wavelengths showed R2 of 0.59 to 0.82 and correct classifications of 66% to 100%. These LED wavelengths were selected based on the significant wavelength regions from the PLS regression coefficients of DA7200 and the commercial availability of LED wavelengths. Results showed that it is possible to use a multi-spectral LED-based instrument to detect varying levels of chlorpyrifos-methyl pesticide residue in rough, brown, and milled rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated pesticide residue detection in chili peppers in the Republic of Korea has become a serious health concern. Thus, monitoring domestically grown and imported chili peppers for pesticide residues is of great significance. Here, we investigated pesticide residues detected in imported and domestically grown chili peppers using global pesticide residue monitoring data. Our analysis involved organizing inspection and detection data from different sources. Global pesticide residue monitoring data for chili peppers revealed 139 pesticide types, 43,532 inspections, and 3966 detections (detection rate, 9.11%). Peppers from Mexico were sampled the most (39,927 inspections) and showed the highest number of detected cases (2998 cases). Globally, the top 10 most frequently detected pesticides were clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, and cyhalothrin, with detection rates in the range of 10.52–28.66%. Furthermore, domestic chili pepper pesticide residue monitoring revealed 73 pesticide types, 3535 inspections, and 332 detected cases (detection rate, 9.39%), and the top 10 most frequently detected pesticides were chlorfenapyr, tebuconazole, flonicamid, dinotefuran, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, fluxametamide, thiamethoxam, pyridaben, and azoxystrobin, with detection rates in the range of 13.89–32.58%. These findings may serve as fundamental data for safety management related to chili pepper pesticide residues in the Republic of Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues in food pose significant risks to public health and have long been a major concern in Chinese cities. The management of these risks is influenced by various factors, including the characteristics of responsible officials. This study tests the relationship between the levels of pesticide residues and the responsible officials' interdisciplinary backgrounds and their tenure cycles, which is crucial for improving food safety governance in Chinese cities. Based on wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and data from 32 Chinese cities, it was found that the interdisciplinary backgrounds of officials had a significant negative relationship with urban pesticide residues in wastewater, indicating that the interdisciplinary knowledge background or working experience of officials in food safety-related agencies was associated with the supervision and control of urban pesticide residues. This study also generated evidence-based knowledge on how to improve food safety through assigning younger and interdisciplinary officials to the responsible governmental agencies, where WBE is more likely to be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating the impact of pesticide residue bioaccessibility in fruits on dietary exposure is a complex task in human health risk assessment. This research investigated the bioaccessibility of ten commonly used and detected pesticides in bananas and mangoes, as well as the factors influencing it, using an in vitro model. The highest bioaccessibility was observed at pH levels of 2.5 and 6.5 in the gastric and intestinal stages, respectively. Bioaccessibility decreased significantly with increasing solid/liquid ratios for most pesticides. The consumption of protein and four dietary components (carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and dietary fiber) could significantly reduce pesticide bioaccessibility by 9.89–48.32% (p < 0.05). Bioaccessibility in oral and gastric stages among four populations followed the order of adults/the elderly > children > infants, due to decreasing concentrations of α-amylase and pepsin. Pesticides in bananas generally exhibited a higher bioaccessibility (18.65–82.97%) compared to that in mangoes (11.68–87.57%). Bioaccessibility showed a negative correlation with the Log P values of the target pesticide, while no clear relationship was found between bioaccessibility and initial pesticide concentrations. Incorporating bioaccessible pesticide concentrations into risk assessments could lower dietary risk estimates by 11.85–79.57%. Assessing human exposure to pesticides based on bioaccessibility would greatly improve the accuracy of the risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populations are exposed daily to numerous environmental pollutants, particularly through food. To address environmental issues, many agricultural production methods have been developed, including organic farming. To date, there is no exhaustive inventory of the contamination of organic foods as there is for conventional foods. The main objective of this work was to construct a growing and updatable database on chemical substances and their levels in organic foods consumed in Europe. To this end, a literature search was conducted, resulting in a total of 1207 concentration values from 823 food–substances pairs involving 166 food matrices and 209 chemical substances, among which 95% were not authorized in organic farming and 80% were pesticides. The most encountered substance groups are "inorganic contaminants" and "organophosphate", and the most studied food groups are "fruit used as fruit" and "Cereals and cereal primary derivatives". Further studies are needed to continue updating the database with robust and comprehensive data on organic food contamination. This database could be used to study the health risks associated with these contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The QuEChERS method was adjusted to determine bifenthrin residues in grapes and grape leaves. Extraction and cleanup procedures were optimized to decrease co-extracted materials and enhance the detection of bifenthrin. The method was validated per the European Union (EU) Guidelines criteria. Accuracy ranged from 98.8% to 93.5% for grapes and grape leaves, respectively. Precision values were 5.5 and 6.4 (RSDr) and 7.4 and 6.7 (RSDR) for grapes and grape leaves, respectively. LOQs (the lowest spiking level) were 2 and 20 µg/kg for grapes and grape leaves, respectively. Linearity as determination coefficient (R2) values were 0.9997 and 0.9964 for grapes and grape leaves, respectively, in a matrix over 1–100 µg/L range of analyte concentration. This was very close to the value in the pure solvent (0.9999), showing the efficiency of the cleanup in removing the co-extracted and co-injected materials; the matrix effect was close to zero in both sample matrices. Dissipation of bifenthrin was studied in a supervised trial conducted in a grapevine field during the summer of 2023 at the recommended dose and double the dose. Dissipation factor k values were 0.1549 and 0.1672 (recommended dose) and 0.235 and 0.208 (double dose) for grapes and grape leaves, respectively. Pre-harvest interval (PHI) was calculated for the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) values of the EU database. Residues of bifenthrin were removed effectively from grapes using simple washing with tap water in a laboratory study. Residues reached the MRL level of 0.3 mg/kg in both washing treatments, running or soaking in tap water treatments for 5 min. Removal from leaves did not decrease residue levels to the MRL in grape leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and validate methylene blue migration from printed time–temperature indicators (TTIs) into food. It also highlights the importance of establishing regulatory measures and safety standards for food packaging, suggesting that this can contribute to improving food packaging safety. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify methylene blue migration in various food simulant and food matrix samples. The results show that the level of methylene blue migration varies significantly depending on the chemical properties of the food mimetic and the composition of the food matrix. The established method demonstrated a high sensitivity, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.0019–0.0706 μg/L (kg) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of 0.0057–0.2138 μg/L (kg). This study highlights the need for a regulatory framework to mitigate the health risks associated with methylene blue in intelligent packaging systems and argues that regulatory thresholds should be set to ensure food safety and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the nutritional composition and the chemical safety of Wagashi Gassirè (WG) cheese sold in southern Benin markets were assessed. For this purpose, 15 WG were analysed for fatty acids, essential minerals, and chemical hazards (dioxins, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), biogenic amines, metals, antibiotic and pesticide residues). The risks related to arsenic, lead, aluminium, AFM1, histamine, and tyramine were calculated using the methods recommended by the European Food Safety Authority. Oleic, palmitic and stearic acids, calcium, and phosphorus were the main fatty acids and minerals detected. Lead (0.08 ± 0.06 mg/kg) and AFM1 (0.3 ± 0.0 µg/kg) were detected in all samples and exceeded the maximum level set by the international standard. Cadaverine and tyramine were the main biogenic amines found. No pesticide residues were detected using a multi-residue method targeting compounds. Residues of quinolones, tetracyclines, and colistin antibiotics were also detected. The calculated chronic exposure indicated no public health concern for the chemical contaminants targeted. Moreover, the average cancer risk related to AFM1 intake was 3 × 10−4 cases/105 persons/year for the Benin population through WG consumption. This study contributes to the nutritional characterization of WG and identifies lead and AFM1 as the most relevant chemical hazards of this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]