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Simple Summary: Radiation therapy has long been reported to affect tumors distal to the site of irradiation, in what is known as the abscopal effect; the synergy of radiation with immune-oncological agents has also been studied and exploited for greater anti-cancer effect. We believe that PET/CT imaging can offer insight into the mechanism of this synergy and thereby optimize the dosing and timing as well as monitoring the response to and adverse effects of radiation therapy in tandem with immunotherapy. Herein, we offer a commentary to better integrate PET/CT into recently released joint guidelines, to exploit radiation and immunotherapy synergy. [18F]-FDG positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging is widely used to enhance the quality of care in patients diagnosed with cancer. Furthermore, it holds the potential to offer insight into the synergic effect of combining radiation therapy (RT) with immuno-oncological (IO) agents. This is achieved by evaluating treatment responses both at the RT and distant tumor sites, thereby encompassing the phenomenon known as the abscopal effect. In this context, PET/CT can play an important role in establishing timelines for RT/IO administration and monitoring responses, including novel patterns such as hyperprogression, oligoprogression, and pseudoprogression, as well as immune-related adverse events. In this commentary, we explore the incremental value of PET/CT to enhance the combination of RT with IO in precision therapy for solid tumors, by offering supplementary insights to recently released joint guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One out of eight women will be affected by breast cancer during her lifetime. Imaging plays a key role in breast cancer detection and management, providing physicians with information about tumor location, heterogeneity, and dissemination. In this review, we describe the latest advances in PET/CT imaging of breast cancer, including novel applications of 18F-FDG PET/CT and the development and testing of new agents for primary and metastatic breast tumor imaging and therapy. Ultimately, these radiopharmaceuticals may guide personalized approaches to optimize treatment based on the patient's specific tumor profile, and may become a new standard of care. In addition, they may enhance the assessment of treatment efficacy and lead to improved outcomes for patients with a breast cancer diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Non-small cell lung cancer treatment has undergone a revolution in the past decade owing to the discovery of mutations that drive carcinogenesis and the development of molecular testing and treatments that act on them. Here, we detail the way in which lung cancer is currently diagnosed and treated in light of these developments. We focus on some of the key mutations for which targeted therapies have been developed and the trials that led to their approval. We hope to provide a comprehensive review of the current diagnosis and management of non-small cell lung cancer. Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has undergone a paradigm shift. Once a disease with limited potential therapies, treatment options for patients have exploded with the availability of molecular testing to direct management and targeted therapies to treat tumors with specific driver mutations. New in vitro diagnostics allow for the early and non-invasive detection of disease, and emerging in vivo imaging techniques allow for better detection and monitoring. The development of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy has arguably been the biggest advance in lung cancer treatment, given that the vast majority of NSCLC tumors can be treated with these therapies. Specific targeted therapies, including those against KRAS, EGFR, RTK, and others have also improved the outcomes for those individuals bearing an actionable mutation. New and emerging therapies, such as bispecific antibodies, CAR T cell therapy, and molecular targeted radiotherapy, offer promise to patients for whom none of the existing therapies have proved effective. In this review, we provide the most up-to-date survey to our knowledge regarding emerging diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for lung cancer to provide clinicians with a comprehensive reference of the options for treatment available now and those which are soon to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: breast cancer; chest CT; cancer screening; breast density; mammography EN breast cancer chest CT cancer screening breast density mammography 1699 11 11/17/22 20221101 NES 221101 1. Imaging of breast cancer is not a new concept; Robert Eagan's 1963 publication showed that mammography had a 79% sensitivity for breast cancer diagnosis, which provided the foundation for mammography as a screening tool [[3]]. Breast Density The extent of breast fibroglandular tissue by visual inspection was higher on average on mammography than on CT (2.42 vs. 2.23) with I p i = 0.0004 and more people were assigned a breast density grade of 3 to 4 on mammogram ( I p i = 0.04). The idea of a breast cancer diagnosis on chest CT may be analogous to lung cancer screening with chest CT; Henschke reported that non-calcified nodules were detected in 23% of participants by CT compared with 7% by chest radiography. [Extracted from the article]

Melanoma is a deadly disease that often exhibits relentless progression and can have both early and late metastases. Recent advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy have dramatically increased patient survival for patients with melanoma. Similar advances in molecular targeted PET imaging can identify molecular pathways that promote disease progression and therefore offer physiological information. Thus, they can be used to assess prognosis, tumor heterogeneity, and identify instances of treatment failure. Numerous agents tested preclinically and clinically demonstrate promising results with high tumor-to-background ratios in both primary and metastatic melanoma tumors. Here, we detail the development and testing of multiple molecular targeted PET-imaging agents, including agents for general oncological imaging and those specifically for PET imaging of melanoma. Of the numerous radiopharmaceuticals evaluated for this purpose, several have made it to clinical trials and showed promising results. Ultimately, these agents may become the standard of care for melanoma imaging if they are able to demonstrate micrometastatic disease and thus provide more accurate information for staging. Furthermore, these agents provide a more accurate way to monitor response to therapy. Patients will be able to receive treatment based on tumor uptake characteristics and may be able to be treated earlier for lesions that with traditional imaging would be subclinical, overall leading to improved outcomes for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]