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The promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) as sustainable energy sources for transportation is advocated due to global considerations such as energy consumption and environmental challenges. The recent incorporation of renewable energy sources into virtual power plants has greatly enhanced the influence of electric vehicles in the transportation industry. Vehicle grid integration offers a practical and economical method to improve energy sustainability, addressing the requirements of consumers on the user side. The effective utilisation of electric vehicles in stationary applications is highlighted by technological breakthroughs in the energy sector. The continuous advancement in science and industry is confirming the growing efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) as virtual power plants. Nonetheless, a thorough inquiry is imperative to elucidate the principles, integration, and advancement of virtual power plants in conjunction with electric automobiles, specifically targeting academics and researchers in this field. The examination specifically emphasises the energy generation and storage components used in electric vehicles. In addition, it explores several vehicle–grid integration (VGI) configurations, such as single-stage, two-stage, and hybrid-multi-stage systems. This study also considers the various types of grid connections and the factors related to them. This detailed investigation seeks to offer insights into the various facets of incorporating electric vehicles into virtual power plants. It takes into account technology improvements, energy sustainability, and the practical ramifications for users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations has set an ambitious goal to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050. This objective requires shifting towards green and renewable energy sources instead of conventional fossil fuels to address the global energy crisis without emitting greenhouse gases. While the energy radiated by the sun is one of the most abundant sources of energy available, its efficient and optimal use remains a significant challenge. To facilitate solar-energy-based applications, estimating the amount of solar energy available is crucial. Empirical and soft computing is the most-used method to estimate solar energy. This paper aims to analyze the existing techniques used in various models for estimating and predicting the quantity and quality of solar radiation using readily available data. Additionally, the study aims to identify the most appropriate techniques for developing prediction models using available explanatory variables. To fully harness the potential of solar energy, it is necessary to limit the terrestrial loss of solar radiation by minimizing the harmful effects of anthropogenic factors that reduce the quantity and quality of solar radiation in the area. This paper provides valuable insights to identify opportunities to maximize the potential of solar energy in different locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric transportation will assist in lowering emissions of greenhouse gases and mitigating the impact of rising petrol prices. To promote the widespread adoption of electric transportation, a diverse range of charging stations must be established in an atmosphere that is friendly to users. Wireless electric vehicle charging systems are a viable alternative technology that can charge electric vehicles (EVs) without any plug-in issues. Wireless power transfer (WPT), which involves the transmission of electricity via an electromagnetic field despite the presence of an intervening area, holds out the possibility of new prospects for EVs to increase environmentally responsible mobility. This review article examines the WPT technology and how it might be applied to electric vehicles from both a technical and safety standpoint. The prime aim of this review is (1) to illustrate the current state of the art in terms of technological advances as well as research limitations in the field of WPT development and use within the field of transportation; (2) to organise the experimental the deployment of WPT EV systems in the actual world; and (3) to analyse the results over a sustainable period and to identify limitations as well as chances for growth. From a technical point of view, the progress that has been made on the selection of material for designing coils, different types of coils with a specific focus on the overall performance of the system. As a result, this study aims to provide an extensive overview focusing on the magnetic materials and the architectures of the transmitter and receiver pads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered as the leading-edge form of mobility. However, the integration of electric vehicles with charging stations is a contentious issue. Managing the available grid power and bus voltage regulation is addressed through renewable energy. This work proposes a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)-powered EV charging station with converter control technique. The controller unit is interfaced with the renewable energy source, bidirectional converter, and local energy storage unit (ESU). The bidirectional converter provides a regulated output with a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) during charging and discharging. The fuzzy control is implemented to maintain a decentralized power distribution between the microgrid DC-link and ESU. The PV coupled to the DC microgrid of the charging station is variable in nature. Hence, the microgrid-based charging is examined under a range of realistic scenarios, including low, total PV power output and different state of charge (SOC) levels of ESU. In order to accomplish the effective charging of EV, a decentralized energy management system is created to control the energy flow among the PV system, the battery, and the grid. The proposed controller's effectiveness is validated using a simulation have been analyzed using MATLAB under various microgrid situations. Additionally, the experimental results are validated under various modes of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, there has been a great interest in the changeover from cars powered by gasoline to electric vehicles, both within the automotive industry and among customers. The electric vehicle–grid (V2G) technology is a noteworthy innovation that enables the battery of an electric vehicle during idling conditions or parked can function as an energy source that can store or release energy whenever required. This results in energy exchange between the grid and EV batteries. This article reviews various bidirectional converter topologies used in the V2G system. Additionally, it can reduce the cost of charging for electric utilities, thus increasing profits for EV owners. Normally electric grid and the battery of an electric vehicle can be connected through power electronic converters, especially a bidirectional converter, which allows power to flow in both directions. The majority of research work is carried out over the converters for V2G applications and concerns utilizing two conversion stages, such as the AC-DC conversion stage used for correcting the power factor and the DC-DC conversion stage for matching the terminal voltage. Furthermore, a bidirectional conversion can be made for an active power transfer between grid–vehicle (G2V) and V2G effectively. This review explores and examines several topologies of bidirectional converters which make it possible for active power flow between the grid and the vehicle and vice versa. Moreover, different types of charging and discharging systems, such as integrated/non-integrated and on/off board, etc., which have been used for electric vehicle applications, are also discussed. A comparison study is carried out based on several other factors that have been suggested. The utilization of semiconductors in power converters and non-conventional resources in charging and discharging applications are the two improving technologies for electric vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles could be a significant aid in lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Even though extensive study has been done on the features and traits of electric vehicles and the nature of their charging infrastructure, network modeling for electric vehicle manufacturing has been limited and unchanging. The necessity of wireless electric vehicle charging, based on magnetic resonance coupling, drove the primary aims for this review work. Herein, we examined the basic theoretical framework for wireless power transmission systems for EV charging and performed a software-in-the-loop analysis, in addition to carrying out a performance analysis of an EV charging system based on magnetic resonance. This study also covered power pad designs and created workable remedies for the following issues: (i) how power pad positioning affected the function of wireless charging systems and (ii) how to develop strategies to keep power efficiency at its highest level. Moreover, safety features of wireless charging systems, owing to interruption from foreign objects and/or living objects, were analyzed, and solutions were proposed to ensure such systems would operate as safely and optimally as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delivery of electricity employing an electromagnetic field that extends across an intervening region is called a wireless power transfer (WPT). This approach paves the way for electric vehicles (EVs) to use newly available options to reduce their environmental impact. This article is a review that examines the WPT technology for use in electric vehicle applications from both the technical aspect and the environmental impact. This review will attempt to accomplish the following objectives: (1) describe the present state of the technology behind the development and application of a WPT across the transportation industry; (2) substantiate the actual implementation of WPT EV systems; and (3) estimate the functioning of the autonomous system, as well as detect the potential stumbling blocks and openings for enhancement. The most recent advancements and implementation in compensating topologies, power electronics converters, and control techniques are dissected and debated scientifically to improve the system's performance. To evaluate the performance from a sustainable perspective, energy, environmental, and economic factors are utilized, and at the same time, policy drivers and health and safety problems are researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to cutting-edge innovations in industry and academia, research is more centered around multilevel inverters (MLIs), which play a significant role in different high/medium voltage and high-power applications when contrasted with traditional inverters. Relative analysis of the reduced DC source count and switch inverter topologies highlight its significant benefits, which include control complexity, switch count, source count, reliability, efficiency, cost, voltage stress, total harmonic distortion (THD), and power quality. When switched-capacitor technology is deployed, it is seen that with the assistance of 14 switches, a 53 level result is accomplished, and the THD is just around 1.41%, which is kept up with as per the IEEE 519-2014 norms. Whenever cascaded MLI topology is employed, the inversion efficiency is more prominent, and is about 99.06%. Hence, this review focuses on a few of the late-evolved MLIs utilized, and the benefits and drawbacks for different topologies are examined. To assist with current modern research in this field and the decision of the proper inverter for various applications, a novel topology of an MLI can be planned later on. Different setups of MLIs have been exhaustively covered and reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An induction motor is generally used in industrial applications because it is reliable, robust, and low cost. Reliability is one of the essential parameters based on which the motor is selected, and the induction motor primarily comes into force. The well-founded induction motor gives good results under various operating states. To achieve this, the values of the motor are kept in mind. Dynamic simulation plays a significant part in evaluating the model's design process to eliminate design errors in typical construction types and when testing the motor drive system. The induction motor is modeled in a synchronously revolving rotor flux-oriented frame, which is used as a reference. For sensorless vector control and induction motor control methods, accurate knowledge of a few induction motor parameters is necessary. The presentation of the drive will degrade if the original data in the motor do not match the values utilized in the controller. Various mechanisms have been developed to calculate the online and offline parameters of the induction machine for its application in high-performance drives. The foremost grail of this review paper is to present dynamic modeling and other considerable approaches used for estimating the induction motor parameter. This paper also constitutes some simulation examples related to dynamic modeling and parameter estimation techniques, which may be useful for specialists in the field of electric drive control systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the constantly rising energy demand, Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)-equipped vehicles are being replaced by Electric Vehicles (EVs). The other advantage of using EVs is that the batteries can be utilised as an energy storage device to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources. Integrating EVs with the grid is one of the recent advancements in EVs using Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. A bidirectional technique enables power transfer between the grid and the EV batteries. Moreover, the Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer (BWPT) method can support consumers in automating the power transfer process without human intervention. However, an effective BWPT requires a proper vehicle and grid coordination with reasonable control and compensation networks. Various compensation techniques have been proposed in the literature, both on the transmitter and receiver sides. Selecting suitable compensation techniques is a critical task affecting the various design parameters. In this study, the basic compensation topologies of the Series–Series (SS), Series–Parallel (SP), Parallel–Parallel (PP), Parallel–Series (SP), and hybrid compensation topology design requirements are investigated. In addition, the typical control techniques for bidirectional converters, such as Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID), sliding mode, fuzzy logic control, model predictive, and digital control, are discussed. In addition, different switching modulation schemes, including Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) control, PWM + Phase Shift control, Single-Phase Shift, Dual-Phase Shift, and Triple-Phase Shift methods, are discussed. The characteristics and control strategies of each are presented, concerning the typical applications. Based on the review analysis, the low-power (Level 1/Level 2) charging applications demand a simple SS compensation topology with a PID controller and a Single-Phase Shift switching method. However, for the medium- or high-power applications (Level 3/Level 4), the dual-side LCC compensation with an advanced controller and a Dual-Side Phase-Shift switching pattern is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial shading has a negative impact on photovoltaic systems by forcing the connected modules to generate lower power, creating severe unexpected power losses. To resolve this issue, numerous solutions have been proposed, among which configuration modification has recently attracted a greater audience. The preliminary approach to module reconfiguration was based on the alteration of electrical connections through switches, which introduces lag due to the large number of switches and sensors, complex algorithms, and impractical application. Hence, static techniques are considered to be a cost-effective, low-complexity and easy-to-adopt solution for efficiently reducing the losses due to shading. Hence, this paper proposes a two-step module replacement approach that is validated under multiple partial shading conditions, and the performance is compared with various conventional and hybrid configurations and a static electrical reconfiguration technique using mathematical analysis, comparative parameters and power curves analysis. The validation was performed using the MATLAB platform for two system sizes—6 × 6 and 18 × 3—proving its applicability for arbitrary system sizes. On the basis of the depth investigation, an average power increase of 17.49%, 14.47%, and 14.12% for the two-step approach compared to the conventional, hybrid and electrical reconfiguration was observed in the partial shading cases considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As non-renewable energy sources are in the verge of exhaustion, the entire world turns towards renewable sources to fill its energy demand. In the near future, solar energy will be a major contributor of renewable energy, but the integration of unreliable solar energy sources directly into the grid makes the existing system complex. To reduce the complexity, a microgrid system is a better solution. Solar energy forecasting models improve the reliability of the solar plant in microgrid operations. Uncertainty in solar energy prediction is the challenge in generating reliable energy. Employing, understanding, training, and evaluating several forecasting models with available meteorological data will ensure the selection of an appropriate forecast model for any particular location. New strategies and approaches emerge day by day to increase the model accuracy, with an ultimate objective of minimizing uncertainty in forecasting. Conventional methods include a lot of differential mathematical calculations. Large data availability at solar stations make use of various Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques for computing, forecasting, and predicting solar radiation energy. The recent evolution of ensemble and hybrid models predicts solar radiation accurately compared to all the models. This paper reviews various models in solar irradiance and power estimation which are tabulated by classification types mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction heating (IH) applications, assisted with converter topology and their control, have become very attractive in recent years. Independent power control for any induction cooking application with simple converter topology, multi-load handling capacity, and a control technique is still a research hot spot. This paper focuses on developing the dual-frequency converter for delivering power to two loads independently. The switching frequencies of the converter for loads 1 and 2 are selected as 20 and 80 kHz, respectively, and the inverter is operated by multiplexing two switching frequencies. The independent power control is performed using a phase shift control scheme and validated in real-time using a PIC16F877A microcontroller. The prototype of 1 kW is developed and load 1 is operated with 550 W and load 2 is operated with 270 W output power. The independent power control is verified for various values of the control angle (ϕ) and it is noticed that the efficiency is 91% at 0 ° and it is above 80% for other values of ϕ. The thermal model of the proposed system is studied using COMSOL multiphysics software and the experimental image is recorded using a FLIR thermal imager. It is noted that the temperature rise in the load is 78 ° C and 38.5 ° C for loads 1 and 2, respectively, at time t = 180 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, induction heating applications assisted by electronic power control have been very appealing. For melting applications, induction heating is widely used as it seems to be appropriate and provides higher efficiency, zero pollutants, non-contamination of material, etc. in comparison with conventional heating. The conventional variable frequency control scheme is not sufficient for melting applications because of its high switching loss, low efficiency, and lower heat rate. A superlative control technique is required to control the output power smoothly, for a high heating rate with minimum power loss, and to lower the number of components. In this paper, a capacitorless self-resonating bifilar coil is proposed for induction surface melting applications. The performance of the system in terms of modular losses, heat rate, and efficiency is analyzed for various power methods such as pulse duty cycle control, phase shift control, pulse density modulation control, and asymmetric duty cycle control. An experimental validation is performed for the 1 kW prototype, and the heating rate, efficiency, and modular losses are calculated. The control technique is digitally validated using a PIC16F877A microcontroller with 30 kHz switching frequency. The temperature distribution is analyzed using a FLIR thermal imager. Among the tested methods, pulse density modulation-based control provides smooth and varied power control from 0% to 100% with minimum modular losses. The efficiency of the system is 89% at a rated output power and is greater than 85% for pulse density modulation control with a fast heating rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, an Enhanced SSA (ESSA) has been proposed where the parameter of the SSA technique, which balances the exploration and exploitation phases, has been modified. Additionally, the variable scaling factor is engaged to regulate the salp's position during the search procedure to minimize the random movement of salps. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the enhanced SSA (ESSA), a set of multimodal test functions are engaged. The statistical outcomes demonstrate that ESSA profits from local optima evasion and quick convergence speed, which aids the proposed ESSA algorithm to outclass the standard SSA and other recent algorithms. The fair analysis displays that ESSA delivers very promising results and outclass current methods. Next, frequency control of power systems is executed by designing a Combined Fuzzy PID (CFPID) controller with the projected ESSA method. Next, a Partially Distributed CFPID (PD-CFPID) controller is designed for a distributed power system (DPS). It is shown that the ESSA method outclasses the SSA method in engineering problems. It is also noted that the ESSA-based PD-CFPID scheme has become more operative in monitoring the frequency than similar structured centralized fuzzy PID (CFPID) as well as PID controller. Finally, the outcomes of the PD-CFPID controller are equated with CFPID and PID for various uncertain situations to validate the benefit of the proposed control approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current scenario, power electronic device-based induction heating (IH) technologies are widely employed in domestic cooking, industrial melting and medical applications. These IH applications are designed using different converter topologies, modulation and control techniques. This review article mainly focuses on the modelling of half-bridge series resonant inverter, electrical and thermal model of IH load. This review also analyses the performance of the converter topologies based on the power conversion stages, switching frequency, power rating, power density, control range, modulation techniques, load handling capacity and efficiency. Moreover, this paper provides insight into the future of IH application, with respect to the adaptation of wide band-gap power semiconductor materials, multi-output topologies, variable-frequency control schemes with minimum losses and filters designed to improve source-side power factor. With the identified research gap in the literature, an attempt has also been made to develop a new hybrid modulation technique, to achieve a wide range of power control with high efficiency. A 100 W full-bridge inverter prototype is realised both in simulation and hardware, with various modulation schemes using a PIC16F877A microcontroller. The results are compared with existing techniques and the comparisons reveal that the proposed scheme is highly viable and effective for the rendered applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, induction heating (IH) applications aided by electronic power control have gained significance. Particularly, for cooking applications, an appropriate control technique is required to feed power from a single source to multiple loads with minimum switching losses. Additionally, when multiple loads are used, it requires independent control and operation for each of the loads. The main idea of this work is to develop a single-stage AC-AC converter topology to feed power to multiple loads independently with a single source, with a reduced number of switching devices and with minimum switching losses. The proposed topology uses a frequency bifurcation concept to feed power to multiple loads by placing the transmitting coil and work coil at a distance of 3 cm. The source is resonated at a 25 kHz switching frequency, with the designed bifurcated frequencies of 20 kHz and 33 kHz. The resonant capacitors are appropriately chosen to operate at those frequencies. For real-time applications, simultaneous and independent power control are inevitable in multi load-fed IH applications. This is achieved through a pulse density modulation scheme with minimum switching losses. The simulation of the proposed system is performed in MATLAB/Simulink, and also the 1 kW system is validated using a PIC16F877A microcontroller. The real-time thermal variation in the load is also recorded using a FLIR thermal imager. The experimental and simulation results are observed, and the obtained efficiency of the system is plotted for various duty cycles of pulse density modulation control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]