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To study the impact of model horizontal resolution on the simulated climate of Mars, we increased the model resolution of the Mars general circulation model MarsWRF from the commonly used 5° × 5° (standard resolution, SR) to 3° × 3° (high resolution, HR). We applied an interactive dust scheme to parameterize the dust-lifting process and investigated the effect of model resolution from three aspects: (1) temporal variation; (2) horizontal distribution; and (3) vertical distribution. From the results of the simulations, we obtained the following conclusions: (1) The seasonal variation in some zonal-mean fields such as the column optical depth and T15 temperature could be reasonably simulated in both the SR and HR simulations, and the results were similar. (2) The effect of resolution on the horizontal distribution of the climate fields was significant at some regions with complicated terrain. (3) The HR simulation could be different from the SR simulation in the vertical dynamic field and thermal field. To obtain more accurate simulation results, it is recommended to use a higher resolution simulation when the vertical distribution is a major concern in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroinflammation has been well recognized as a key pathological event in acute glaucoma. The medical therapy of acute glaucoma mainly focuses on lowering intraocular pressure (IOP), while there are still scarce anti-inflammatory agents in the clinical treatment of acute glaucoma. Here we reported that β,3α,5α-trihydroxy-androst-6-one (sterone), a novel synthetic polyhydric steroid, blocked neuroinflammation mediated by microglia/macrophages and alleviated the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) caused by acute intraocular hypertension (AIH). The results showed that sterone significantly inhibited the morphological changes, the up-regulation of inflammatory biomarker ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), and the mRNA increase of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV2 microglia and RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, immunofluorescence and western blotting analysis revealed that sterone markedly abrogated the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit. Furthermore, sterone significantly suppressed the inflammatory microglial activation and RGCs' reduction caused by retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in a rat AIH model. These results suggest sterone may be a potential candidate in the treatment of acute glaucoma caused by microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammatory injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]