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A 1560 nm high-power linearly-polarized all-fiber single-frequency narrow-linewidth laser with near diffraction-limited beam quality is demonstrated. The Yb–Er energy transfer efficiency and the ability of the signal laser to capture pump light have been improved by specifically choosing the pumping wavelength and the input signal power in the final power amplifier stage of this laser system. Under the off-peak absorption pumping wavelength of 940 nm, along with the maximum input signal power of 6 W, a maximum output power of 102 W with a slope efficiency of 40.5% is acquired. At the highest output power status, a polarization extinction ratio (PER) of 15.5 dB, a linewidth of 3.05 kHz, and a beam quality of Mx2 = 1.14, My2 = 1.06 are obtained, respectively. This advanced single-frequency fiber laser has great potential for the long-range coherent Doppler lidar and the next generation of gravitational wave detection.