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Under rapid global climate change, the risk of ancient landslide reactivation induced by rainfall infiltration is increasing significantly. The contribution of cracks to the reactivation of ancient landslides, as an evolutionary product, is a topic that deserves attention; however, current research on this issue remains insufficient. In this study, taking the Woda landslide in the upper Jinsha River as a case study, we investigated the reactivation mechanisms of ancient landslides with and without cracks under rainfall based on model tests. The study showed that cracks influence the reactivation range and depth of ancient landslide. In cases where no cracks develop on ancient landslides, rainfall can only cause shallow sliding with failure concentrated at its front edge. Conversely, when cracks develop on ancient landslides, rainwater can quickly infiltrate into the sliding zone along the cracks and induce overall reactivation of the ancient landslide. Furthermore, the reactivation mechanism of ancient landslides without cracks is that the failure of ancient landslide foot results in progressive failure at the front of the ancient landslide. When cracks have developed at ancient landslides, the reactivation mechanism of which involves mid-rear ancient landslide creeping, tensile cracks develop on the mid-rear ancient landslide, with localized sliding at the front edge, tensile cracks extending, local sliding range extending, accelerated creeping, and progressive failure of the mid-rear ancient landslide. These findings shed light on how cracks influence rainfall-induced mechanisms of ancient landslide reactivation and hold great significance for advancing our understanding regarding these mechanisms.

Contagious ecthyma (Orf) is a highly contagious disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) infection. Orf is prevalent all over the world and, not only affects the healthy development of sheep husbandry, but also threatens human health. However, there are no safe and effective vaccines or drugs for the prevention and treatment of Orf at present. In this study, we constructed a DNA plasmid expressing ORFV B2L and F1L genes as a DNA vaccine candidate, with purified B2L full-length protein and F1L truncated protein as subunit vaccine candidates. BALB/c mice were immunized with the DNA vaccine, subunit vaccine, as well as DNA prime-protein boost strategies. The results showed that compared with the DNA vaccine and subunit vaccine alone, the DNA prime-protein boost immunization group had a higher level of specific antibodies, stronger lymphocyte proliferation, and higher expression of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, which are considered to cause a Th1/Th2 mixed cytokine response. Our results demonstrated that the DNA prime-protein boost immunization strategy induced stronger humoral and cellular immune responses, which have potential advantages in preventing ORFV infection.

The recent novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) outbreak created a severe public health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, the SARS-CoV-2 variant is still spreading at an unprecedented speed in many countries and regions. There is still a lack of effective treatment for moderate and severe COVID-19 patients, due to a lack of understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Lysosomes, which act as “garbage disposals” for nearly all types of eukaryotic cells, were shown in numerous studies to support SARS-CoV-2 replication. Lysosome-associated pathways are required for virus entry and exit during replication. In this review, we summarize experimental evidence demonstrating a correlation between lysosomal function and SARS-CoV-2 replication, and the development of lysosomal perturbation drugs as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents.