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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common polygenic disease with associated comorbidities. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of T2DM. The aim of this study is to determine the allele and genotype frequency of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-&gamma, (PPAR&gamma, ) rs1801282, fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) rs9939609, and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) rs2229616 polymorphisms and their association with risk of T2DM in the western Saudi population as mediators of adiposity phenotypes. In a cross-sectional prospective study, genomic DNA from control and T2DM patients were isolated and genotyped for these single-nucleotide polymorphisms. There was a significant association of the MC4R rs2229616 variant with T2DM, but no association with T2DM was detected with PPAR&gamma, rs1801282 or FTO rs9939609. The combination of C/C for PPAR&gamma, rs1801282, A/A for FTO rs9939609, and C/C for MC4R rs2229616 increased the risk of T2DM by 1.82. The A/T genotype for FTO rs9939609 was predicted to decrease the risk of T2DM when combined with C/C for PPAR&gamma, rs1801282 and C/C for MC4R rs2229616 or C/C for PPAR&gamma, rs1801282 and C/T MC4R rs2229616. In conclusion, our study showed the risk of the assessed variants for the development of T2DM in the Saudi population.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity/mortality worldwide. Metformin is the first therapy offering cardioprotection in type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic animals with unknown mechanism. We have shown that metformin improves angiogenesis via affecting expression of growth factors/angiogenic inhibitors in CD34+ cells under hyperglycemia-hypoxia. Now we studied the direct effect of physiological dose of metformin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) under conditions mimicking hypoxia-hyperglycemia. HUVEC migration and apoptosis were studied after induction with euglycemia or hyperglycemia and/or CoCl2 induced hypoxia in the presence or absence of metformin. HUVEC mRNA was assayed by whole transcript microarrays. Genes were confirmed by qRT-PCR, proteins by western blot, ELISA or flow cytometry. Metformin promoted HUVEC migration and inhibited apoptosis via upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors (VEGFR1/R2), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, chemokine ligand 8, lymphocyte antigen 96, Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1), matrix metalloproteinase 16 (MMP16) and tissue factor inhibitor-2 under hyperglycemia-chemical hypoxia. Therefore, metformin’s dual effect in hyperglycemia-chemical hypoxia is mediated by direct effect on VEGFR1/R2 leading to activation of cell migration through MMP16 and ROCK1 upregulation, and inhibition of apoptosis by increase in phospho-ERK1/2 and FABP4, components of VEGF signaling cascades.

Patau Syndrome (PS), characterized as a lethal disease, allows less than 15% survival over the first year of life. Most deaths owe to brain and heart disorders, more so due to septal defects because of altered gene regulations. We ascertained the cytogenetic basis of PS first, followed by molecular analysis and docking studies. Thirty-seven PS cases were referred from the Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University Hospital to the Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Jeddah during 2008 to 2018. Cytogenetic analyses were performed by standard G-band method and trisomy13 were found in all the PS cases. Studies have suggested that genes of chromosome 13 and other chromosomes are associated with PS. We, therefore, did molecular pathway analysis, gene interaction, and ontology studies to identify their associations. Genomic analysis revealed important chr13 genes such as FOXO1, Col4A1, HMGBB1, FLT1, EFNB2, EDNRB, GAS6, TNFSF1, STARD13, TRPC4, TUBA3C, and TUBA3D, and their regulatory partners on other chromosomes associated with cardiovascular disorders, atrial and ventricular septal defects. There is strong indication of involving FOXO1 (Forkhead Box O1) gene&mdash, a strong transcription factor present on chr13, interacting with many septal defects link genes. The study was extended using molecular docking to find a potential drug lead for overexpressed FOXO1 inhibition. The phenothiazine and trifluoperazine showed efficiency to inhibit overexpressed FOXO1 protein, and could be potential drugs for PS/trisomy13 after validation.

Toxicity induced by radiation therapy is a curse for cancer patients undergoing treatment. It is imperative to understand and define an ideal condition where the positive effects notably outweigh the negative. We used a microarray meta-analysis approach to measure global gene-expression before and after radiation exposure. Bioinformatic tools were used for pathways, network, gene ontology and toxicity related studies. We found 429 differentially expressed genes at fold change >2 and p-value