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For Si/C anodes, achieving excellent performance with a simple fabrication process is still an ongoing challenge. Herein, we report a green, facile and scalable approach for the in situ synthesis of Si@C anodes during the electrode manufacturing process by partially carbonizing Si nanoparticles (Si NPs) and dual polymers at a relatively low temperature. Due to the proper mass ratio of the two polymer precursors and proper carbonization temperature, the resultant Si-based anode demonstrates a typical Si@C core–shell structure and has strong mechanical properties with the aid of dual-interfacial bonding between the Si NPs core and carbon shell layer, as well as between the C matrix and the underlying Cu foil. Consequently, the resultant Si@C anode shows a high specific capacity (3458.1 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), good rate capability (1039 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1) and excellent cyclability (77.94% of capacity retention at a high current density of 1 A g−1 after 200 cycles). More importantly, the synthesis of the Si@C anode is integrated in situ into the electrode manufacturing process and, thus, significantly decreases the cost of the lithium-ion battery but without sacrificing the electrochemical performance of the Si@C anode. Our results provide a new strategy for designing next-generation, high-capacity and cost-effective batteries.