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Recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) generated from construction and demolition activities have been recognized as a feasible alternative to natural aggregates (NAs). Naturally, the columns fabricated with reinforced recycled concrete (RRC) have been proposed and investigated to promote the structural use of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). There is still, however, very limited modeling research available to reproduce, accurately and efficiently, the seismic response of RRC columns under lateral cyclic loading; proper evaluations are also lacking on addressing the columns’ seismic behaviors. To fill some of those research gaps, a fiber-based numerical model is developed in this study and then validated with the experimental results published in the literature. Subsequently, the numerical model justified is applied to carry out a comprehensive parametric study to examine the effects of a range of variables on the hysteretic characteristics of RRC columns. Furthermore, a grey relational analysis is conducted to establish quantifiable evidence of key variable sensitivities. The evaluation results imply that the use of the additional water method (AWM) for manufacturing RAC is likely to reduce the lateral load-carrying capacity of the RRC columns (up to 10%), whereas the opposite would occur if a conventional mixing procedure is adopted. Moreover, compared with other factors such as steel area ratio, the content of RCA replacement has a less remarkable effect on the seismic performance of the RRC columns. In general, the RRC columns possess acceptable seismic-resistant properties, and they can be used in earthquake-prone regions with confidence.