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Fractional differential equations are used to construct mathematical models and can describe the characteristics of real systems. In this paper, the parameter estimation problem of a fractional Wiener system is studied by designing linear filters which can obtain smaller tunable parameters and maintain the stability of the parameters in any case. To improve the identification performance of the stochastic gradient algorithm, this paper derives two modified stochastic gradient algorithms for the fractional nonlinear Wiener systems with colored noise. By introducing the forgetting factor, a forgetting factor stochastic gradient algorithm is deduced to improve the convergence rate. To achieve more efficient and accurate algorithms, we propose a multi-innovation forgetting factor stochastic gradient algorithm by means of the multi-innovation theory, which expands the scalar innovation into the innovation vector. To test the developed algorithms, a fractional-order dynamic photovoltaic model is employed in the simulation, and the dynamic elements of this photovoltaic model are estimated using the modified algorithms. Concurrently, a numerical example is given, and the simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed procedures.

Modeling errors, external loads and output constraints will affect the tracking control of the n-joint manipulator driven by the permanent magnet synchronous motor. To solve the above problems, the smooth-switching for backstepping gain control strategy based on the Barrier Lyapunov Function and adaptive neural network (BLF-ANBG) is proposed. First, the adaptive neural network method is established to approximate modeling errors, unknown loads and unenforced inputs. Then, the gain functions based on the error and error rate of change are designed, respectively. The two gain functions can respectively provide faster response speed and better tracking stability. The smooth-switching for backstepping gain strategy based on the Barrier Lyapunov Function is proposed to combine the advantages of both gain functions. According to the above strategy, the BLF-ANBG strategy is proposed, which not only solves the influence of multiple constraints, unknown loads and modeling errors, but also enables the manipulator system to have better dynamic and steady-state performances at the same time. Finally, the proposed controller is applied to a 2-DOF manipulator and compared with other commonly used methods. The simulation results show that the BLF-ANBG strategy has good tracking performance under multiple constraints and model errors.

This paper proposes a fresh state error feedback linearization control method with disturbance observer (DOB) and L2 gain for a quadruple-tank liquid-level system. Firstly, in terms of the highly nonlinear and strong coupling characteristics of the quadruple-tank system, a state error feedback linearization technique is employed to design the controller to achieve liquid-level position control and tracking control. Secondly, DOB is purposed to estimate uncertain exogenous disturbances and applied to compensation control. Moreover, an L2-gain disturbance attenuation technology is designed to resolve one class of disturbance problem by uncertain parameter perturbation existing in the quadruple-tank liquid-level system. Finally, compared with the classical proportion integration differentiation (PID) and sliding mode control (SMC) methods, the extensive experimental results validate that the proposed strategy has good position control, tracking control, and disturbance rejection performances.

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the mevalonate pathway as it catalyzes the condensation of acetoacetyl-CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA. In this study, A HMGS gene (designated as GbHMGS1) was cloned from Ginkgo biloba for the first time. GbHMGS1 contained a 1422-bp open-reading frame encoding 474 amino acids. Comparative and bioinformatics analysis revealed that GbHMGS1 was extensively homologous to HMGSs from other plant species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the GbHMGS1 belonged to the plant HMGS superfamily, sharing a common evolutionary ancestor with other HMGSs, and had a further relationship with other gymnosperm species. The yeast complement assay of GbHMGS1 in HMGS-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YSC6274 demonstrated that GbHMGS1 gene encodes a functional HMGS enzyme. The recombinant protein of GbHMGS1 was successfully expressed in E. coli. The in vitro enzyme activity assay showed that the kcat and Km values of GbHMGS1 were 195.4 min−1 and 689 μM, respectively. GbHMGS1 was constitutively expressed in all tested tissues, including the roots, stems, leaves, female flowers, male flowers and fruits. The transcript accumulation for GbHMGS1 was highest in the leaves. Expression profiling analyses revealed that GbHMGS1 expression was induced by abiotic stresses (ultraviolet B and cold) and hormone treatments (salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and ethephon) in G. biloba, indicating that GbHMGS1 gene was involved in the response to environmental stresses and plant hormones.

Ginkgolides and bilobalide, collectively termed terpene trilactones (TTLs), are terpenoids that form the main active substance of Ginkgo biloba. Terpenoids in the mevalonate (MVA) biosynthetic pathway include acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (AACT) and mevalonate kinase (MVK) as core enzymes. In this study, two full-length (cDNAs) encoding AACT (GbAACT, GenBank Accession No. KX904942) and MVK (GbMVK, GenBank Accession No. KX904944) were cloned from G. biloba. The deduced GbAACT and GbMVK proteins contain 404 and 396 amino acids with the corresponding open-reading frame (ORF) sizes of 1215 bp and 1194 bp, respectively. Tissue expression pattern analysis revealed that GbAACT was highly expressed in ginkgo fruits and leaves, and GbMVK was highly expressed in leaves and roots. The functional complementation of GbAACT in AACT-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Δerg10 and GbMVK in MVK-deficient strain Δerg12 confirmed that GbAACT mediated the conversion of mevalonate acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA and GbMVK mediated the conversion of mevalonate to mevalonate phosphate. This observation indicated that GbAACT and GbMVK are functional genes in the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) biosynthesis pathway. After G. biloba seedlings were treated with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid, the expression levels of GbAACT and GbMVK increased, and TTL production was enhanced. The cloning, characterization, expression and functional analysis of GbAACT and GbMVK will be helpful to understand more about the role of these two genes involved in TTL biosynthesis.