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To realize the large-scale utilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in the field of building materials and to reduce the cost of coal mine backfill mining, the effects of the mixing ratio of cementitious materials, the particle size distribution of aggregates, and the amount and mass concentration of cementitious materials on the properties of backfill materials were experimentally investigated, and the microstructure of the hydration products was analyzed. The results showed that as the mass ratio of MSWI fly ash to bottom ash increased, the rate of expansion of the cementitious system continued to increase, and the compressive strength of the cementitious system continued to decrease. The Al (aluminum) and AlN (aluminum nitride) in the fly ash reacted with water to generate gas, causing the expansion of the cementitious materials; NaOH increased the alkalinity of the solution, which promoted the formation of more bubbles, thereby improving the expansion performance of the cementitious material. When the content of NaOH was 0.9%, the sample rate of expansion could reach 15.9%. The addition of CaCl2 promoted the early hydration reaction of the cementitious material, forming a dense microstructure, thus improving the early strength and rate of expansion of the cementitious material. The compressive strength of the backfill body increased as the fractal dimension of the aggregate particles increased, and the particle grading scheme of group S1 was optimal. The 1-day, 3-day, and 28-day strengths of the backfill body of group S1 reached 0.72 MPa, 1.43 MPa, and 3.26 MPa, respectively. It is recommended to choose a backfill paste concentration ranging between 78.5% and 80% and a reasonable amount of cementitious material between 20% and 25%. After the MSWI fly ash was prepared as a backfill material, the leaching of potentially harmful elements in the fly ash was greatly reduced, and the concentration of dioxin was reduced to 13 ng TEQ/kg. This was attributed to the dilution of the cement, the physical encapsulation of gel products, and the isomorphous replacement of Ca2+ in calcium aluminate chloride hydrate.

Alite-ye’elimite-belite-ferrite cement (AYBFC) integrates the advantages of calcium sulfoaluminate cement and Portland cement, but its ultra-early strength needs to be further improved when applied to rush repair and construction works. In this study, the ultra-early strength of AYBFC was improved using lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and superplasticizer. The results showed that an appropriate amount of Li2CO3 could significantly improve the ultra-early strength of AYBFC, since it was capable of promoting the hydration reaction of AYBFC. After polycarboxylate superplasticizer was doped on this basis, the ultra-early compressive strength of AYBFC was further improved. This was because the superplasticizer could markedly enhance the matrix compactness despite its inhibitory effect on the hydration reaction of cement and the generation of hydration products.

In order to improve the durability of asphalt pavement and prolong the service life of heavy traffic asphalt pavement, graphene oxide (GO) and rubber powder (RP) were used as composite modifiers to modify matrix asphalt. The high-temperature rheological properties of composite-modified asphalt at different temperatures and frequencies were analyzed. The influence of different stress levels on the viscoelastic properties of composite-modified asphalt was evaluated. The low-temperature rheological properties of composite-modified asphalt were studied. The difference between RP-modified asphalt and GO/RP composite-modified asphalt was analyzed, and the mechanism of GO and RP on asphalt modification was explored. The results show that the composite-modified asphalt has good rheological properties at low temperature, relatively smooth surface and stable network structure, which improves the segregation problem of RP in matrix asphalt. At present, GO and RP are rarely used as composite modifiers to modify matrix asphalt at home and abroad, which is an innovation in material selection.

In order to solve the problem of poor crack resistance and frost resistance of semi-rigid base, rubber powder and retarder were added to a semi-rigid base mixture. First, 61 mixing ratios were determined. Then, through the unconfined compressive strength, splitting strength, and other tests, the mechanical, crack, and frost resistance properties of the retarded composite semi-rigid base coarse mixture with rubber powder were studied. Finally, the macro and micro properties of the two kinds of admixture composite semi-rigid base coarse mixtures were studied by means of SEM and industrial CT. The results show that rubber powder and retarder can effectively improve the cracking and freezing resistance of the mixture. After five freeze–thaw cycle tests, the strength of the retarded composite semi-rigid base material mixed with rubber powder decreased slightly compared with the mixture without additives. It can be seen that rubber powder improved the frost resistance of the mixture. When the content of rubber powder was 1.5%, the BDR value of the mixture increased by 8.8%. With the increase of unconfined compressive strength, splitting strength, and flexural tensile strength at 28 d and 90 d, it was found that the retarder improved the middle and late strength of the mixture. When the content of retarder was 0.09%, the increase of unconfined compressive strength at 28 d reached 3.9%. The addition of rubber powder and retarder improved the distribution of internal pores, the proportion of large pores decreased, and the proportion of small pores increased. The retarder changed the morphology of hydration products, formed a dense network supporting structure, further refined the pores, and reduced the porosity of the mixture. The proportion of pores with a volume greater than 100 mm3 in the total pore volume decreased by 26.01%, and the proportion of medium pores increased by 13.07%, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the mixture.

Non-metallic fractions (NMFs) from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) are mostly composed of cured resin and fiber. In this study, NMF material from a PCB was ground into powder and added into matrix asphalt to produce PCB-NMF-modified asphalt. To improve the compatibility of PCB-NMF and asphalt, a compatibilizer consisting of tung oil and glycerol was also developed. The optimum compatibilizer content was determined to be 8% by weight of the PCB-NMF through a series of laboratory tests, including the softening point, penetration, ductility, and softening point difference (SPD). The micro-mechanism of NMF powder-modified asphalt was analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a scanning electron microscope test (SEM). The performances of PCB-NMF-modified asphalt were evaluated by the dynamic shear rheology (DSR) test and the low-temperature bending beam rheometer (BBR) test. The optimum compatibilizer content was 8% by weight of the NMF powder and the optimum content of NMF powder was determined to be 30% by weight of the asphalt based on a comprehensive evaluation. The results show that PCB-NMF can significantly improve stiffness, rutting resistance, high-temperature stability, and temperature sensitivity of asphalt material at an appropriate content. The BBR tests revealed that PCB-NMF slightly weakened the cracking resistance of asphalt at low temperatures. The SEM test showed that the addition of a compatibilizer can increase the compatibility by making the NMF powder evenly dispersed. The FTIR test results implied that a chemical reaction may not have happened between PCB-NMF, compatibilizer, and the matrix asphalt. Overall, it is a promising and sustainable way to utilize PCB-NMF as a modifier for asphalt material and reduce electronic waste treatment at a low cost.

This work explored the correlation among the physical and mechanical parameters of concrete in marine environments during corrosion. Concrete materials with varied water–cement ratios (w/c) were soaked in four kinds of simulated seawater, including a compound solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), a solution of MgSO4, a solution of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and clear water. The macroscopic physical and mechanical parameters, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, mass change and ultrasonic wave velocity, were measured. The damage mechanism of corrosion products and microstructures was analyzed using microscopic approaches including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. Linear correlation was carried out on the abovementioned physical parameters, and the results revealed that, during corrosion, the correlation between compressive and tensile strength and mass (excluding Na2SO4 solution) is positive (mostly highly correlated), while that with wave velocity is poor (mostly moderately correlated).

The international trend of positioning the preschool as a pre-academic learning environment is challenging for preschool teachers, as it necessitates a balance between emotionally supportive interaction and goal-oriented learning instruction. However, previous research suggests that the complexities of such interactions need to be further studied. This article contributes by presenting a very detailed exploration of how social adaptation is pursued in a goal-oriented documentation activity. The study used a micro-sociological approach, characterized by the careful analysis of verbal and nonverbal interactions. Two research questions were raised: (1) How is social adaptation pursued in verbal and nonverbal interactions in preschool teacher–child relationships during a goal-oriented activity? and (2) How can social adaptation in the preschool context be understood in terms of a “deference-emotion system”? Interactions between a teacher and child in two video-recorded episodes were transcribed and sequentially analyzed thoroughly. The findings suggest that the interactions were regulated through an informal system of social sanctions, in which nonverbal signs of deference played a key role. The interaction was shown to be embedded in an institutional context that advocates goal-oriented instruction, thus highlighting the challenge of preschool teaching in attempting to promote goal-oriented processes while simultaneously maintaining respectful, caring teacher–child relationships.