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In March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 respiratory virus. The high spread rate of the virus and the severity of the course of the disease are of great clinical and epidemiological significance, making it relevant for ophthalmologists to study the mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 infects ocular structures, as well as possible clinical manifestations of the infection in the organ of vision. This review contains analysis, systematization, and generalization of epidemiological and clinical data on SARS-CoV-2 ocular lesions and was carried out with the data found in scientific abstract databases. The article presents main clinical ophthalmic manifestations of COVID-19, lists the utilized schemes of etiotropic and symptomatic therapy, recommended preventive measures, and considers the possible ophthalmic complications after vaccination against COVID-19.

Primary open-angle glaucoma is a major cause of irreversible blindness in all countries of the world. The pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma has not been resolved. In addition to increased intraocular pressure, pathogenetic factors of this disease such as reduced systemic blood pressure, deterioration of ocular blood flow, as well as vascular dysregulation, reperfusion damage and oxidative stress of ocular tissues are now generally recognized. The role of α1-adrenoreceptors in regulation of, for example, ocular blood flow, blood flow in the retina, permeability of the vascular wall etc has already been described., Purpose: To identify the effects of different subtypes of α1-adrenoreceptors on the level of systemic blood pressure in laboratory mice., Material and Methods: Features of blood pressure of 36 laboratory mice older than 18 months having a genetic defect (lines ADRA-1A, ADRA-1D and ADRA-1D) of one of the subtypes of α1-adrenoreceptors (α1a, α1b, α1d) were studied. The control group included ten healthy laboratory mice of the same age. The blood pressure of mice was measured with modern high-precision and noninvasive method using the Coda TM Standard system (Kent Scientific Corporation, U.S.A.)., Results: The mice of the ADRA-1A line were revealed to have reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and maximum level of pulse pressure, as well as the greatest fluctuations of pulse pressure; for the ADRA-1B line - the highest levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure; for the ADRA-1D line - the smallest systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the minimum values of pulse pressure., Conclusion: The obtained results show the specific contribution of α1a, α1b and α1d subtypes of the adrenoreceptors in the maintenance of normal hemodynamic of an organism, which should be considered when studying pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma.

Objective: To analyze 60 cases of solid pseudopapillary tumors (SPTs) of the pancreas, to reveal their most characteristic clinical and morphological features, and to study their possible histogenesis., Material and Methods: Sixty cases of SPTs of the pancreas underwent clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) examinations; a comparison group consisted of 86 pancreatic tumors of other histogenesis., Results: It has been shown for the first time that SPTs are characterized by the nuclear expression of claudin 3 and the cytoplasmic expression of claudin 7. It has been also ascertained that the aberrant perinuclear (dot-like) expression of CD99 is a unique feature of these tumors., Conclusion: SPTs of the pancreas are distinguished by a diversity of clinical manifestations and morphological features, but have a unique immunophenotype, which can differentiate them from other types of pancreatic tumors.

Mucins and glycoprotein CD10 expression in 55 carcinomas of the stomach has been studied by immunohistochemistry. According to a profile of mucins and CD10 expression, 3 immunophenotypic variants of carcinoma were founded: gastric, intestinal and gastro-intestinal. Gastric and gastro-intestinal variants were more frequently than intestinal one. The correlation between the expression of investigated markers and histological type of carcinoma wasn't revealed The estimation of Ki-67 index has shown that the highest proliferative activity (>20%) in carcinomas with gastric phenotype has been found more often than in gastro-intestinal ones.

Luminescence microscopy of cryostat sections of lenses and spectrofluorometry were used to study the lens in health and in different types of human age-related cataract. The cortical type of age-related cataract occurs with the considerably increased concentrations of histamine, catecholamines and serotonin. Examination of the bioamine profile of age-related nuclear cataract revealed a significant increase in the level of serotonin and a moderate rise in the concentration of catecholamines. At the same time, the values of histamine did not practically differ from those in the intact lens. Thus, principal differences were found in the bioamine provision of the development of age-related cortical and nuclear cataract, suggesting that it is necessary to elaborate a differential approach to studying the pathogenetic mechanisms and treatments for human age-related cataract depending on its specific type.

The authors suggest a new express-method for assessment of memory and intellect in the late age. This method allows to assess not only disturbed functions but also the intact patterns of mental processes and to conduct a quantitative assessment as well as a qualitative (syndrome) analysis of mental activity changes using a Luria's structural-functional model of the brain. The method was administered to 157 subjects of young (20-30 years), old and very old age (50-90 years). The express method may be used for the detection of age impairment and differential diagnostics of memory and intellect states in different variants of normal aging, assessment of neurocognitive deficit in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive syndrome.

Eighty-four families with schizophrenia: 84 patients (probands) and 73 their first-degree unaffected relatives as well as 37 normals and their relatives have been studied using pathopsychological (pictogram) and Luria's neuropsychological tests. The most prominent abnormalities both in patients and relatives were global characteristics of auditory-speech memory predominantly related to left subcortical and left temporal regions. Abnormalities of immediate recall of short logic story (SLS) were connected with dysfunction of the same brain regions. Less prominent delayed recall abnormalities of SLS were revealed only in patients and connected with left subcortical, left subcortical-frontal and left subcortical-temporal zones. This abnormality was absent in relatives and age-matched controls. The span of mediated retention was decreased in patients and, to a less degree, in relatives. A quantitative psychological analysis has demonstrated the disintegration ("schizys") between semantic conception and image memory structure in patients and, to a less degree, in relatives. Data obtained show primary memory abnormalities in families with schizophrenia related to the impairment of decoding information process in the subcortical structures, the left-side dysfunction of brain structures being predominantly typical.

Glioblastoma growth is a genetically regulated process. Loss or inactivation of genes - tumor suppressors may give rise to tumors and their progression. Glioblastoma multiforme is followed by a number of genetic breakages. Expression of a number of genes may affect the prognosis of the disease and tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy. Comprehensive studies of glioblastomas showed that there were at least two immunologic phenotypes: 1) that with a picture of pronounced immunodeficiency and 2) that without obvious immunodeficiency. This should be considered when elaborating present-day programs of geno- and immunodiagnosis, as well as clinicoimmunological criteria for the treatment of these tumors.

Expression of MUC-1 and MUC-2 was investigated with immunohistochemical staining (PAP-method) in 5 cases of adenomas and in 60 cases of colorectal adenocarcinomas. The expression of MUC-1 and MUC-2 can be useful for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma.

Gliomas are the most common tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Malignant astrocytic gliomas account for 50% of all primary brain tumors. Cells of origin are unknown for the majority of brain tumors: CNS tumors have frequently in their content many histological forms and their classification will depend on what the parts of neoplasm that will be clearly identified at the material taking and further investigation. Current immunohistochemical studies may determine the antigenic structure of a tumor cell, compare it with the antigens expressed by a certain cell type and, thus, classify the tumor by its origin, but there are no antibodies which would correctly identify different types of tumors. The lecture reflects the current classifications of glial tumors: the typical three-leveled classification, the Kernokhan classification, the Duma-Duport classification. A part of the lecture deals with the specific features of genetics and molecular biology of gliomas: recent studies cast any doubt on the existing data on the sources of growth of these tumors.

Primary liver tumors, including 7 low-grade hepatocellular carcinomas (HC), 12 average-grade HC (including 2 mixed tumors and 2 cholangiocellular carcinomas (ChC)), obtained from 23 patients, were histologically, immunohistochemically, and electron microscopically. Certain markers were immunohistochemically studied to identify HC and ChC and differentiate liver carcinoma from metastatic tumors of the same organ.

This study was undertaken to detect and study the distribution, localization, and morphological features of the histamine-positive structures of the lens in intact animals. The paper presents a detailed account of fluorescent and morphological differences between the nuclei of different portions of the lens.

The influence of the cerebellum on cognitive functions (CF) is poorly known and understudied so far. Neurological, neuropsychological and neuroimaging non-randomized study was carried out in 25 patients (14 women, 11 men, mean age 51.8 +/- 18.0 years) with isolated cerebellum infarctions. Cognitive disturbances (CD) were detected in 22 (88%) patients. They included impairment of attention, planning, control, abstract reasoning, memory; speech (naming, fluency, agrammatism, dysprosodia), special visual, quasi-spatial and counting disorders that indicated dysfunction of the anterior and posterior associative areas of the brain cortex. The expression of CD was different: being clinically obvious in 6 patients (24%), they were found only by neuropsychological methods in 16 patients (64%). Clinically significant CD developed in the lesions of certain areas (posterior-lower- lateral and posterior-medial) of the cerebellum hemisphere related to the dominant brain hemisphere. The presence of these CD did not depend on infarctions size: in expressed CD it was smaller (mean 5.65 cm3) than in other cases (mean 12.8 cm3). Typical appearances of cerebellum infarction (ataxia, vertigo, vomiting) were observed in all the patients with clinically non-significant CD and only in 2 out of 6 with clinically significant CD. The study demonstrated a role of the cerebellum in CF modulation. The expression of CD in cerebellum infarctions depends on their localization. Topic localization of the cerebellum areas, controlling CD and movement, is different.

E-kadherin, MUC2 and Ki67 expression was studied in colon adenocarcinomas of various differentiation. A direct relationship was detected between characteristics of expression of E-kadherin, MUC2 and the degree of differentiation as well as metastatic potential of the tumours.

500 patients with chronic tonsillitis (450 patients with toxicoallergic form I and 50 patients with toxico-allergic form II according to Palchun and Preobrazhensky) have been exposed to low-frequency ultrasound. Content of the tonsillar lacunae was extracted under vacuum, the lacunae were washed with antiseptic under the effect of ultrasound followed by introduction of the drugs into the tonsillar tissue (phonophoresis). The above method proved effective: 64% responded immediately, 56% of the patients sustained the effect at follow-up. Low-frequency ultrasound treatment should be supported with therapeutic measures to prevent development of autoimmune processes capable of provoking systemic complications. For patients who failed 3-4 courses of the ultrasound treatment surgery is indicated. Contraindications concern subjects suffering from toxico-allergic form II of chronic tonsillitis.