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Cancer is known as a considerable disease with high morbidity and mortality within adult's populations. There are different types of cancers with a wide range of distributions and risk factors worldwide. Vaginal cancers are limited but may lead to high morbidity and mortality. Vaginal cancers have several predisposing factors, but HPV is recognized as the most important viral causative agent for vaginal cancers. There are different types of diagnostics for detecting HPV vaginal cancers. A qualified Pap smear is recognized as an invaluable screening program for early detection of HPV vaginal cancers. The incidence of vaginal cancers has significantly decreased in industrialized countries because of qualified performance of Pap smear. The most morbidity and mortality relating to vaginal cancers are reported from developing countries. There are different types of treating procedures including cryotherapy, laser therapy, electrosurgical procedures, radiotherapy and pharmacotherapy. The result of treatments in patients is checked via molecular diagnostic techniques which are known as gold standard approaches. Limitation of risk factors and application of vaccines are confirmed as favor preventing methods. The aim of this article is to review the subtitle of vaginal cancer staging, epidemiology of HPV vaginal cancers, viral characteristics and pathogenesis of HPV vaginal cancers, clinical demonstrations of HPV vaginal cancers diagnosis, treatment and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candidiasis is a wide spread opportunistic fungal infectious disease which involves different parts of human body. Based on anatomic location, there are several kinds of candidiasis caused by opportunistic dimorphic fungus of Candida. Oral candidiasis as a common fungal mouth infection is divided into two groups of acute and chronic forms. Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis (thrush), Acute Erythematous Candidiasis (AEC), Chronic Erythematous Candidiasis (CEC), and Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis (CHC) are four types of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Age and risks factors are two important variables that change the incidence rate of candidiasis. Thrush is the most common pediatric oral candidiasis. Parental consciousness, appropriate diet, proper hygiene, accurate diagnosis, well management and definitive treatment are required to prevent, to control and to treat pediatric fungal infection of thrush. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) involve complicated microbial diseases which rank among first four deathful diseases around the globe. Classical and traditional microbiologic and serologic assays are not useful for an accurate and definite diagnosis and treatment. The nucleic acid based and molecular technologies are capable to provide us an effective diagnostic tool for a definite treatment. Among a vast range of molecular diagnostic tools microarray is an invaluable technique with rapid, accurate, sensitive, specific and cost effective properties. For this reason, this review has paid an especial attention to application of microarray for diagnosing RTIs. This article has been prepared via searching different types of articles regarding to the topic throughout the Internet. Google Scholar and PubMed were used for the most. Simultaneously, the experiences of the authors were helpful for riting this review literature. The results from different surveys confirm the application of microarray technology as an accurate, rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost effective technology to have an accurate and definite diagnosis and treatment in association with RTIs. We conclude that microarray technology is an appropriate m ultiparametric diagnostic technique which may be used in large scale clinical applications to decrease the rate of mortality among patients with RTIs worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are important viral infections which may cause different infections in human hosts. There are two types of HSVs including HSV-1 and HSV-2. In most cases HSV infections are asymptomatic, which is life threatening for pregnant women and their newborns. For this reason we have an eye on HSV, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of HSV infections in pregnant women. This review has been made by searching several reviews and original articles in different search engines and databases within Internet. The results show that HSV infections are one of the most encountered sexual transmitted diseases. The rate of prevalence and incidence of HSV infections is high in developing countries. Multisexual partnership and unsecured sexual intercourse increase the risk of infections. In conclusion, healthy sexual relationship reduces the possibility of the HSV infections among pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacotherapy is a routine methodology for treating infectious diseases. But in recent decade, the escalation of antibacterial resistance in pathogenic bacteria has led to significant ineffective and indefinite treatment. The global wave of problems followed by multidrug resistant bacteria includes a considerable increase in morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs among patients with nosocomial infections. Some of pathogenic antibacterial resistant strains are detected as false antibacterial susceptible strains via routine clinical diagnostics. According to myriad diversity among multidrug resistant bacteria, the use of advanced and molecular diagnostic tools is a must for obtaining an accurate and rapid result. In this article we are trying to discuss about the importance of multidrug resistant bacteria from different aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today reliability, rapidity and accuracy in clinical diagnostics are the first choices. Combination of molecular techniques and Bioinformatics have upgraded diagnostic methods and treating managements. Among advanced clinical technologies, microarrays are effective diagnostics in medicine. Medical microbiology is consisted of medical bacteriology, medical mycology, and medical virology; clinical diagnostics of infectious and non-infectious diseases, gene expression profiling, genetic disorders, detection of pathogenic microbial agents and treatment are different pieces of medicine puzzles. The applications of microarrays in medicine are in progress. The most important problem for public use of microarrays is their expensive costs. Covering the costs of microarray technologies will change them into a gold standard method for diagnosing and treatment in public medical centers, laboratories and hospitals around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute otitis media is the most common multifactorial pediatric infectious disease which annually may lead to an extended consumption of antibiotic worldwide. Acute otitis media is known as a bacterial-viral co-infection pediatric disease which is detectable through a trimeric clinical criterion of acute symptoms, middle ear inflammation and middle ear effusion. There is no gold standard diagnostic approach for acute otitis media yet. Many efforts have been made for producing effective influenza and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines to prevent the increase of acute otitis media among infants, young children and children. Accurate diagnostic methods, vaccination, breastfeeding, standard lifestyle, proper socioeconomic condition, and prompt antibiotic therapy are all the basic principles for a successful handling of acute otitis media management. Until yet, antibiotic therapy via amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavu-lanate is the most acceptable method for managing and treating pediatric patients with AOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]