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Background: Effects of DM are gradual, progressive and due to chronic exposure to high blood sugar levels. DM also affect the eyes which can lead to ocular morbidity as DR can cause blindness. In that view, it becomes increasingly important to diagnose them at the earliest for proper management and prevention of complications.Methods: A total of 182 patients examined, out of which 91 were diabetic and 91 were non diabetic. Complete ocular examination was done that included visual acuity, anterior segment and fundus. Diabetic retinopathy was graded according to ETDRS classification. Diabetic patients were divided into 3 groups on the basis of HbA1c level (%): group-A (6-8), group-B (8-10) and group-C (>10). Patients were divided into 3 groups on the basis of duration (years): group1 (10).Results: Ocular manifestations were more prevalent in diabetics than non-diabetics along with that DR was found in diabetic patients and no retinopathy was found in non-diabetic patients. Out of 91 diabetic patients, DR was found in 30(33.3%) patients. Out of 30 DR, NPDR was found in 25(75%) and PDR was found in 5 (15%). DR in group A, B and C: 0, 17 (58%) and 13 (86%) respectively. DR in group1,2 and 3 was 3 (7.5%), 11 (35.4%) and 16 (80%) respectively.Conclusions: Longer duration of diabetes and higher HbA1c level are associated with increased prevalence and severity of DR.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disease of premature infants which leads to permanent blindness. Early screening is needed to diagnose ROP and prevent blindness.Methods: Retrospective study was conducted in 225 neonates from January 2018 to December 2020. All neonates with birth weight 0.05). Out of 148 neonates who were given oxygen 19 (12.83%) developed ROP (odds ratio: 5.52). Out of 42 neonates who had sepsis, 2 (4.76%) developed ROP (odds ratio: 0.43).Conclusions: The prevalence of ROP was 9.33%. The prevalence is showing a decreasing trend. ROP is not affected by gender. Oxygen given to neonates is associated with greater ROP. But sepsis in neonates is not associated with development of ROP.

Background: Among the refractive errors, myopia is the most common in school children. Due to myopia, school children are unable to see the blackboard which severely affects their performance. Moreover, they are unable to play outdoor sports thereby hampering their all-round development.Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational and analytical study. All children from 5-12 years attending eye OPD were included. Detailed history was taken and complete ophthalmic examination was done. Low myopia was defined as refractive error of -0.25D to -3D. Moderate myopia was defined refractive error of -3.25 D to -6 D. High myopia was defined as refractive error of ≥-6D. The children were divided into 3 groups according to their age (in years): group-1 (5-7), group-2 (8-9) and group-3 (10-12). The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS version 24. P value was calculated by chi-square test. P0.05), Low, moderate and high myopia was found in 19 (73.07%), 6 (23.07%) and 1 (3.84%) child respectively.Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia in school children is 16.99%. There is a need for regular screening of school children to diagnose myopia in them. The limitation of this study is hospital based and small sample size. So, we recommend a community-based study with a larger sample size.

Background: Due to advancement in phacoemulsification techniques, there has been growing shift from peribulbar anesthesia (PA) to topical anesthesia (TA). But dilemma exists regarding the supremacy of one over the other as both types have certain advantages and disadvantages.Methods: A prospective study was conducted. Patients were divided into two groups. Group-1 underwent PA while group-2 underwent TA. Satisfaction score of patients and surgeons and incidence of complications were noted. The data was analyzed.Results: Lowest patients’ satisfaction score among group-1 vs. group-2 was 160 (87.9%) vs.82 (45.81%). Highest surgeons satisfaction score among group-1 and group-2 was 74(40.65%) vs. 2(1.1%). Intraoperative complications among the group-1 and group-2 were 35 (19.2%) vs. 86(48.0%).Conclusions: While TA provides initial painless phase of surgical procedure, PA results in lesser intraoperative complications resulting in better visual outcome.