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PON1 is an High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-associated esterase. Two common polymorphisms in the PON1 gene, Q192R and L55M substitutions, determine the inter-individual variation in PON1 activity. The association of these polymorphisms with the risk of ischemic stroke remains controversial. In the present study, the role of PON1 Q192R gene polymorphism in ischemic stroke was studied in the Indian population.In the present case-control study, the PON1 Q192R gene polymorphism was screened in ischemic stroke patients (The mean age of stroke presentation was 58.11 ± 15.4 years. A total of 17.4% cases presented with young stroke (45 years age) and 9.52% cases were seen to have a recurrent stroke. The distribution of -192Q/R PON1 gene polymorphism was not seen to differ between cases and controls. The traditional stroke risk factors did not have any effect on the PON1 genotype expression. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was done in order to assess an independent association of age, gender, traditional stroke risk factors, and PON1 polymorphism with acute ischemic stroke. However, neither the RR genotype nor the presence of the R allele was associated with an increase in the risk of acute ischemic stroke (OR [RR genotype]-4.76,PON1 Q192R gene polymorphism is not associated with an increased risk of acute ischemic stroke in the North Indian population. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed before PON1 Q192R gene polymorphism can be considered as a genetic risk factor for ischemic stroke.

We employed two classification methods that characterize psycho-somatotype categorization to understand motor and cognitive performance. The Trunk Index produces three somatotypes/body type categories: ectomorphs, mesomorphs, and endomorphs, and Prakriti classifications categorizes people into three categories: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Comparing these two categorization methods offers insights into anthropometric measures that combine psychological and physical characteristics to account for motor and cognitive behavior.The present study examined variations in cognitive and motor performances using the two typologies -The study employed fifty-eight healthy young adults, classified intoAnalysis of covariance was performed to compare the cognitive and postural performance across the three somato andCognitive performance was observed to vary in terms of RT across somato- and prakriti body types (Comparing classifications that use psychophysical attributes might offer insights into understanding variations in measures of motor and cognitive performance in a sample of healthy individuals.

Background: Lichen planus (LP) is an immune_mediated, chronic inflammatory disease involving skin, oral and genital mucosa, nails, and hair with several morphologic variants. The exact etiology remains unclear, but several factors have been implicated. Purpose: To study the clinico-epidemiological profile of patients of LP and its clinical variants and to find out whether LP is relatively uncommon in children. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, time-bound, clinico-epidemiological study was conducted in the outpatient department of dermatology at a tertiary care hospital during the period of June 2017 to October 2018. A total of 170 patients were included in the study. Microsoft Excel and SPSS 23 software packages were used for data entry and statistical analysis. The results were averaged for each parameter for continuous data and numbers and percentage for categorical data. Statistical tests were applied wherever necessary. Results: The overall prevalence of LP was 0.4% (n = 170) out of 42,127 patients who attended the OPD during the study period. The gender-wise prevalence of LP was 41% among females and 59% among males, and the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.3). The male-to-female ratio was 1.5:1. The highest prevalence among the variants of LP was of classical form (29%) and lowest was of inverse LP (0.6%). Overall, the mean age of the patients was 36 years, with a standard deviation of 17. There was one instance of LP occurring in both father and son. Conclusion: The most common age group of LP was 18 -40 years. Most patients came to seek health care within 1 year of beginning of disease. More than one variant of LP can coexist in the same individual. Childhood LP is not uncommon in the Indian subcontinent.

To present a detailed pharmacognostic study of the leaf of Cayratia trifolia (C. trifolia) Linn. (Vitaceae), an important plant in the Indian system of medicine.The macroscopy, microscopy, physiochemical analysis, preliminary testing, fluorescence analysis of powder of the plant and other WHO recommended methods for standardization were investigated.Leaves are trifoliolated with petioles (2-3 cm) long. Leaflets are ovate to oblong-ovate, (2-8 cm) long, (1.5-5 cm) wide, pointed at the tip. The leaf surface shows the anisocytic type stomata covered with guard cells followed by epidermis layer. Leaf surface contents including veins, vein islet and vein termination were also determined. Transverse section of leaf shows the epidermis layer followed by cuticle layer and vascular bandles (xylem and phloem). The mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma. Abundant covering trichomes emerge from the upper epidermis. Trichomes are uniseriate and multicellular. Strips of collenchyma are present below and upper layer of epidermis.It can be concluded that the pharmacognostic profile of the C. trifolia is helpful in developing standards for quality, purity and sample identification.

Aim: The present in vitro study was undertaken to check the effect of the different irrigating solutions with surfactants, i.e., sodium hypochlorite-(Naocl)-Extra, chlorhexidine (CHX)-Ultra, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), QMix, and BioPure MTAD on the microhardness and smear layer removal of root canal dentin. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 straight rooted lower premolars were collected and were randomly divided into 2 equal groups of 60 each (n = 60). The microhardness of the samples was evaluated by Vickers hardness tester and the removal of smear layer by scanning electron microscope after irrigation of the samples with the tested solutions. Results: CHX-Ultra showed the least microhardness reduction, and EDTA showed the maximum microhardness reduction in all the tested groups. BioPure MTAD showed the maximum removal of smear layer in the apical third, and CHX-Ultra showed the minimal smear layer removal in the apical third. Conclusion: During smear layer removal, irrigating solutions cause alterations in the chemical composition of dentin, which may decrease the microhardness of the root dentin causing erosion and affecting the clinical performance of the endodontically treated teeth. Irrigating solution with maximum smear layer removal with minimum changes in microhardness should be used.

Introduction: Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality (SCIWORA) is a rare entity and usually involves the cervical spine. Thoracic spine involvement is very rare due to the stability provided by the rib cage. The mechanisms of injury and pathophysiology are still debatable. Case Presentation: We present a case of an adult male who had road traffic accident and presented with paraplegia. The initial radiological investigations carried out in the emergency department were reported to be normal, however, subsequent magnetic resonance imaging revealed spinal cord contusion without vertebral column disruption. The patient recovered partially with conservative treatment measures including bed rest and methylprednisolone. Conclusions: Spinal trauma patients presenting with neurological deficit but no radiological abnormality should be treated as a case of SCIWORA.

In modern clinical practice, successful treatment of a compromised situation demands multidisciplinary approach. Increasing esthetic demand in adult patients may require a close interaction of orthodontist and periodontist and to work together to provide the best treatment possible to the patient. The present case report highlights the team approach for successful management of malocclusion in an adult patient with compromised periodontal condition.

A multidisciplinary approach including an orthodontist and a periodontist is done in patients with periodontal disease. Both specialists should be involved in the treatment planning of such patients, and care should be taken in evaluation of progress of the treatment undertaken. Importance of multidisciplinary approach has increased as majority of patients seeking orthodontic treatment are adults. Orthodontic patients are highly susceptible to increased accumulation of plaque which makes integration of a periodontist very essential. Careful attention needs to be given to orthodontic patients as undesirable periodontal changes are seen. The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of both specialties and in which conditions they are used as an adjunct and the mutual benefits shared by them.

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic potential of the bulbs of Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth. (U. indica), which has been utilized traditionally to cure diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: An acute toxicity study was done to check the toxicity of U. indica ethanolic extract (UIEE) and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out in a study population of normoglycemic rats. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg body weight). Animals were orally treated with the extracts and standard drug (glibenclamide 10 mg/kg), and vehicle daily for 14 days. Hypoglycemic effects, change in body weight, lipid profile, and feed and water intake of the diabetic rats were assessed for normal, diabetic control, standard, and extract-treated groups. Histopathology was also carried out for the pancreatic tissue. Results: The acute toxicity study revealed the nontoxic nature of U. indica ethanolic extract. A considerable decrease in blood glucose was observed within 120 min on glucose tolerance testing among normoglycemic rats treated with a high dose of extract UIEE (1.5 g/kg). Daily oral treatment with the extract and the standard drug for 14 days significantly reduced blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were found to be improved compared to the diabetic control group. The feed and water intake in diabetic rats was markedly reduced and weight loss was minimized. Histopathological analysis confirmed the biochemical findings. Conclusion: The results of the experiments suggest that UIEE has significant antidiabetic effects on STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Background and Aim: Due to its easy maneuverability, patient comfort and documented safety as an outpatient procedure, flexible bronchoscopy (FB) has replaced rigid bronchoscopy for routine diagnostic use. Herein, we report our 34-year experience with outpatient performance of FB. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of all FB procedures performed between September 1979 and November 2013 (period I: 1979-1990; period II: 1991-2000; period III: 2001-2013) in a tertiary care hospital. Demographic profile of patients, indications for performing FB, and annual and seasonal trends were noted from the records. Results: A total of 24,814 bronchoscopies were performed during the study period. The mean (SD) age of patients (71.6% males) was 48.4 (15.5) years. The number of procedures performed per decade showed an absolute increase by 322%. The most common indication for FB was suspected bronchogenic carcinoma (32.2%) followed by pulmonary infections (18.6%) and interstitial lung diseases (13%). The proportion of annual cases due to interstitial lung diseases (3.9% in period I to 16.2% in period III) increased over the years, whereas disorders such as hemoptysis and pleural effusion showed a declining trend as an indication for FB. A seasonal trend was observed for diseases such as sarcoidosis, bronchogenic carcinoma and pulmonary infections. Six deaths were encountered during the study period in patients undergoing FB. Conclusion: FB is increasingly being performed in the diagnosis of respiratory disorders and is a safe outpatient procedure. Although bronchogenic carcinoma remains a common indication for performing FB, benign conditions such as pulmonary infections and sarcoidosis constitute important indications in the Indian scenario.

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) still cause significant morbidity and mortality despite advances in trauma care. We have studied in this paper the rate of SSIs, their outcomes in patients undergoing interventions for trauma and SSI trends in developing countries. Materials and Methods: A 16-month study (May, 2011- August, 2012) was carried out. Patients undergoing interventions for orthopedic trauma were followed and assessed for SSIs and their outcomes and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the micro-organisms isolated were noted and correlated. Results: A total of 40 (4.4%) confirmed cases of SSIs were identified among 852 patients of orthopedic trauma. Based on the new CDC criteria, after ruling out cellulitis, only 24 (2.6%) were found to have SSIs. A total of 12.5% of the SSIs were detected during follow-up. Acinetobacter baumannii was the predominant organism as also Staphylococcus aureus. Outcomes observed included changes in antibiotic regime, revision surgery, readmission to hospital and deaths. Conclusion: SSI is prevalent in orthopaedic trauma patients and an active surveillance program will help in early management and prevention.

To report two cases of traumatic paraplegia who developed Sub-acute Post-Traumatic Ascending Myelopathy (SPAM) following surgical decompression.We hereby report two cases (both 35yr old male) with traumatic paraplegia that developed ascending weakness at 3rd and 5th Post-Op day respectively following surgical decompression. Both the patients experienced remarkable improvement in Neurology after treatment with steroids. The authors conclude by emphasizing on minimum cord handling during surgical decompression of the spinal cord to avoid this potentially life threatening complication.

Purpose: Study is part of an ongoing reverse pharmacology approach in new drug develpement for diabetes. It was designed to determine anti diabetic potential of DB 14201 in streptozotocininduced Type I Diabetic rats in a GLP compliant setting. Method: Male wistar rats of 8 10 weeks and weighing 180 230 gm were used. After acclimatization, streptozotocin was administered by intravenous bolus injection. Stabilization period of 14 days followed screening with Glucose Tolerance Test. 24 rats with fasting glucose > 130mg/dl during the GTT profile were considered as diabetic and randomized into 3 groups. 8 untreated wistar rats were considered as non diabetic controls. Group I, the Non diabetic control group received sterile deionized water in equivalent volumes to the treatment. Group II, Hyperglycemic vehicle control group, received Streptozotocin and sterile deionized water in equivalent volumes to the treatment dose. Group III, the Hyperglycemic rats receiving DB14201 250mg/kg/day, and Group IV, the Hyperglycemic rats receiving DB14201 500mg/kg/day, also received Streptozotocin. Observations comprised of mortality, general cage side and clinical observations, and weekly blood glucose estimation. Biochemical parameters estimated on day 1 and day 15 were Serum Insulin Levels, Serum Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol Levels, Serum Urea, Serum Creatinine, SGPT levels, SGOT levels, Hepatic glycogen content, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Diarrhea and , Body weight. Result: After 14 days of continuous treatment with DB 14201 in 500mg/kg treatment group, the blood glucose levels decreased by 85.24% showing a significant (P

This clinical report describes the use of alveolar ridge augmentation procedure using connective tissue graft, cast post, and metal-ceramic fixed partial denture for a patient with ridge defect to enhance the esthetic result for a metal-ceramic fixed partial denture (FPD). This ridge augmentation procedure significantly increased the functional and esthetic outcome of the final FPD by restoring the alveolar ridge defect to its original dimension.

Modern dentistry aims to return patients to normal oral health and function in a predictable fashion. The selection of the ­available therapy has a substantial influence on the level of quality with which this objective can be met. Satisfying a completely edentulous patient is always considered a difficult task. Various treatment options for rehabilitation of the completely edentulous patient are available: conventional complete denture, overdenture, implant-supported overdenture and full-arch fixed implant-supported prostheses. The patient's function while wearing a complete denture may be reduced to 60% compared with that previously experienced with natural dentition; however, implant prosthesis may return the function to near normal limits. This clinical report presents rehabilitation of a completely edentulous patient who was not satisfied with his existing conventional complete dentures. The patient was rehabilitated using full-arch implant-supported fixed ceramometal prostheses. The final treatment result provided the patient with esthetically and functionally efficient prostheses.

The term localized alveolar ridge defect refers to a volumetric deficit of the limited extent of bone and soft tissue within the alveolar process. Esthetically correct treatment of a localized alveolar ridge defect is a common prosthetic challenge. A clinical report was presented that combined the fixed prosthodontics with the soft tissue ridge augmentation for a patient with ridge defect to attain maximum esthetics and functions.

In the field of mouth rehabilitation, there has been a tendency to both the oversimplification of the problems involved and overcomplication of them, which seems out of all proportions to the gain secured, if any. The mouth rehabilitation of a patient requires organized approach to involve various specialties of dentistry to regain the lost function, comfort and esthetics of the patient. Success requires diagnostic skill, perceptive treatment planning and diligent execution. The patient described in this clinical report has been diagnosed of mutilated dentition with reduced vertical dimension of occlusion. The rehabilitation was performed by successfully integrating various treatment concepts of fixed and removable prosthodontics.