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Objective To evaluate the surface micro hardness of enamel bleached with 38% H 2 O 2 (Light activated) versus tetra pack orange juice. Method A total sample of (n = 23) sound crowns of human third molars, which were extracted because of periodontal reason were included in the study. Longitudinal sections were made at buccolingual direction using diamond disks (0.2 mm) under water lubrication to obtain enamel slabs measuring (3 mm × 3 mm) then slabs were embedded in polystyrene resin by using 2.0-cm-diameter PVC molds, leaving the external enamel surfaces uncovered by the resin. After 24 h, enamel slabs were removed from the molds. These 45 enamel slabs were further subdivided in to 3 groups (A, B, C). Each group contains fifteen specimens. Group A was placed in artificial saliva at 37 °C within the incubator (Memart, Germany). Whereas, Group B was treated with Power whitening gel (whitesmile 2011, Germany) activated with light and Group C was immersed in orange juice. Micro-hardness measurements were performed on specimens' pre and post treatment with orange juice immersion and bleaching. Data analyses were performed by using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 20.0. Assessments of changes in micro hardness on different time interval as well as due to different materials were analyzed by RMANOVA with post hoc. Results Surface micro hardness decreased from 152.8 (S.D. 1.86) to 152.1 (S.D. 2.03) in Group A (p = 0.546). A much smaller reduction in the surface micro hardness was also noticed in Group B from 152.8 (S.D. 1.86) to 152.1 (S.D. 2.03) (p = 0.384). Statistically significant reduction in surface micro hardness was observed in the Group C (p 0.05). Conclusions Enamel surface becomes considerably softer and rougher after orange juice challenge as compare to 38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching.

Background: Varieties of methods are available for more obstinate tooth discoloration such as crowns, veneer, and micro and macro abrasion of enamel, but tooth bleaching gained high patient acceptance. The aim of the present research was to estimate changes in surface enamel composition after bleaching 16% carbamide peroxide (CP) (home-use bleaching) with 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP) (in office bleaching). Materials and Methods: A total of 90 enamel slabs from 45 sound human third molars were randomly divided into three groups. Of three groups, per group had thirty samples (n = 30), of which samples of Group 1 were placed in artificial saliva at 37°C in incubator (Memart, Germany) during complete experiment. Sample of Groups 2 and 3 was treated with power whitening gel (White Smile 2011, Germany) and tooth whitening pen (white Smile 2011, Germany), respectively. Later on, after bleaching treatment, discs were thoroughly washed and stored in artificial saliva at 37°C in incubator. Chemical analysis was done with energy dispersive spectroscopy (Edx) detector to detect changes in surface composition. Results: Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (Edx) analysis showed no significant difference between all the three groups for Ca% mass (P > 0.99) and Ca% atomic (P > 0.99), C% mass (P = 0.78) and C% atomic (P = 0.76), and O% mass (P > 0.99) and O% atomic (P = 0.28). Similar results were shown for Na, Mg, P, and F. Conclusion: Statistically insignificant effect was observed on enamel composition with both bleaching agents (38% HP and 16% CP).

Objective The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel and fluoride varnish on the color stability of esthetic restorative materials. Methodology The materials included were glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement, and composite resin. A Teflon matrix (12×2 mm) mold was used to fabricate 108 specimens from all restorative materials. Further, 36 disks of each restorative material were then randomly divided into three groups (n = 12) according to the fluoride application: deionized water (control), APF (1.23%), and fluoride varnish. Color change was measured by means of a spectrophotometer using a CIE L*a*b* (Comission International l´Eclairage) system before and 24 h after fluoride treatment. Statistical comparisons were made using first mixed model repeated measure analysis of variance on the transform ranked data under the assumption of non-normal data and to see which main or interaction effect was significant. Results In control groups, when the baseline and final readings of glagg ionomer cement, resinmodified glass ionomer cement, and composite materials were compared for color changes, similar values were observed and hence results were nonsignificant. When all materials were compared for color changes before and after the application of APF, highly significant mean differences were found among the groups. Hence, application of APF results in a highly significant color change in all materials compared with varnish application. Conclusion Topical fluoride agents – either fluoride varnish or APF gels – cause discoloration in all esthetic restorative materials. However, this discoloration is not visually perceptible.

Introduction: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects one third of the world population. Despite advance in therapy, tuberculosis (TB) remains responsible for 2-3 million deaths annually. During TB, cytokines play a role in host defense. Many cytokines are produced during TB with a predominance of Th1 cytokines during the early stage and Th2 cytokines in the later stages of the infection. The present study aims to screen tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-12p70, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-1β among TB patients and controls. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the Department Of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. Different cytokine levels were measured in 65 samples of TB patients of whom 30 (46.1%) were new TB cases and 35 (53.8%) were suspected multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB cases along with 15 bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinated healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Diaclone, France). Complete clinical, radiological, and treatment data were collected. Informed consent was taken from all subjects. Study was approved by the Institutional Bioethical Committee, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College. Statistical analysis had been performed by using Sigma plot (10.0). Results: The serum concentration of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12p 70 , IL-1β, and IL-6 in patients with active TB and MDR-TB was elevated than in patients after anti-TB treatment (P < 0.001), in contacts (P < 0.001) and in controls (P < 0.001). It was found that IL-6 seems critical in resistance to TB. IL-4 concentration increased only in MDR-TB patients (P < 0.001) as compared to controls. All these cytokines showed no significant variations according to the site of involvement in pulmonary versus extrapulmonary TB cases. Conclusions: Measuring the serum levels of several cytokines may be useful for evaluating the activity of TB disease and monitoring the clinical effects of anti-tubercular treatment (ATT). The serum TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12p 70 , IL-1β and IL-6 level can be a useful marker to diagnose the effectiveness of therapy in the patients.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health problem, with an estimated one-third of the world's population being infected. Cytokines play a major role in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. tuberculosis ) infection and regulate the immune responses at a cellular level. Most studies on cytokines during TB are from in vitro -stimulated lymphoid cells with few reports on in vivo plasma levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in new, undertreatment (UT), and multidrug-resistant (MDR) pulmonary and extrapulmonary cases. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (J.N.M.C.), Aligarh Muslim University (A.M.U.), Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Results: The levels of TNF-α were measured in 76 serum samples from TB patients by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Diaclone Sas, 1 BD, A Flemming Besancon Cedax, France), along with 10 healthy controls. Complete clinical, radiological and treatment data were collected. The TNF-α levels were elevated in new cases ( P P P > 0.05). Conclusions: An understanding of this response may lead to an insight into the pathogenesis and novel therapies for TB.

Background: With increasing incidence of resistance to antibiotics carbapenems are used as the last resort because they are stable even in response to extended spectrum and AmpC beta-lactamases. However, Gram-negative bacilli producing the acquired metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) are on the rise. Aim: The aim of the following study is to detect phenotypically the presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC and MBL in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical specimen. Materials and Methods: Gram-negative isolates from clinical samples were screened and confirmed for the presence of ESBLs by double disk synergy test (DDST), for AmpC by disk approximation assay and for MBL by Modified Hodge Test and imipenem-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid DDST. Results: Among 251 isolates studied, 138 (54.98%) were ESBL producers, 49 (19.52%) were AmpC producers and 45 (17.93%) were MBL producers. Highest rates of ESBL detection was by Cefoperazone sulbactam (109/138) 78.98%. Out of 92 of the AmpC producing strains 20 (21.73%) were inducible and 72 were stably derepressed (78.26%). Out of 251 strains studied 45 (17.93%) were phenotypically identified as MBL producers, the highest no. being of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among the methods employed for detection of MBL production, Hodge test (62.22%) proved better than DDST (40%). Conclusions: High level of antibiotic resistance pattern exists in various clinical isolates. ESBL production should be looked for routinely in Gram-negative bacteria other than Escherichia coli and Klebsiella. A high percentage of derepressed AmpC mutants are noteworthy and alarming. We recommend phenotypic identification methods as routine practice in laboratories as genotypic methods are not cost-effective.

We are describing a case of idiopathic pulmonary artery aneurysm, which pre­sented to us with complaints of shortness of breath and chest pain. Chest -X ray showed a homogenous opacity occupying left mid and lower zone, CECT thorax revealed a pulmonary artery aneurysm which was compressing the left bronchus and causing atlectasis. The patient was managed surgically