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Background: The world health organization (WHO) classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs, i.e. neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs)) of the gastrointestinal system involves grading of these tumors by mitotic count (i.e. H and E mitotic index or Haematoxylin and Eosin mitotic index [HE-MI] and Mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 labelling index (MIB1-LI) into Grade 1 (G1), Grade 2 (G2), or Grade 3 (G3). However, the assessment of HE-MI and MIB1-LI is hindered by several factors that contribute to discordance between these two grading methods. Clinical data demonstrate the dependency of prognosis on grade., Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the grading of NENs of the hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) system using Anti-phosphohistone H3 mitotic index (i.e. PHH3-MI), HE-MI and MIB1-LI., Materials and Methods: In a cohort of 140 NENs selected from January 2011 to August 2019, the concordance and correlation between HE-MI, MIB1-LI and PHH3-MI grading methods were analysed using Cohen's weighted kappa (κ) statistics and Spearman's correlation (ρ), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and cut-off analyses were done to determine optimal PHH3-MI cut-off values to grade NENs., Results: The rates of discordance between HE-MI vs. MIB1-LI, PHH3-MI vs. MIB1-LI and PHH3-MI vs. HE-MI were 52% (κ =0.416), 29% (κ =0.64) and 41% (κ =0.508), respectively. There was a significant correlation between the grading methods. PHH3-MI had good overall sensitivity and specificity at cut-offs 2 and 17 in distinguishing between G1 vs. G2, and G2 vs. G3 tumors, respectively., Conclusion: PHH3 immunolabeling allowed for quick and easy identification of mitotic figures (MF). It had the highest concordance with MIB1-LI. At cut-off values of 2 and 17, there was good overall sensitivity and specificity. The interobserver agreement was excellent., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology.)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in kidney transplantation is an important issue with effects on patient and graft survival. The current standard of care involves using oral Direct Acting Antiviral drugs. Till recently, pre-transplant treatment with interferon was the only option for treatment. We studied 677 consecutive kidney transplant recipients with HCV infection. 5.2% patients had evidence of HCV infection. 2.0% were newly detected to have HCV infection after transplant (de novo HCV group). Nearly 28.6% had negative antibody tests but positive Nucleic Acid Test at the time of diagnosis. Eighty-five percent of pre-transplant HCV-positive patients were treated with interferon-based regimens. Early virologic response was seen in 66.6%. End of treatment response was achieved by 94.1%. Sustained virologic response was seen in 81.2%. Overall, patient and graft survival were not different between HCV and control groups (log-rank P = 0.154). Comparing HCV and control groups, there was a tendency toward increased fungal (11.4% vs. 5.6%, P = 0.144) and CMV infections (25.7% vs. 17.1%, P = 0.191) in the HCV group, though it did not reach statistical significance. Eighty-percent of the interferon-treated patients suffered side effects. On comparing, the pre-transplant HCV-positive group (85% treated) with the de novo HCV group (none treated), the de novo group had significantly reduced patient survival (P = 0.020) and NODAT (35.7 vs 4.8%, P = 0.028), and a tendency toward higher CMV infections (35.7% vs 19%, P = 0.432). In addition, death and hepatic complications (decompensated liver disease, fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis) occurred only in de novo HCV group. These results highlight the need for continued post-transplant treatment of HCV positive patients. The newer anti-HCV drugs are expected to fulfill this felt-need in kidney transplantation but long-term results are awaited. This study can serve as a benchmark for future studies to compare the long-term effect of Direct Acting Antiviral drugs., Competing Interests: None declared.