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A novel Gram-stain-negative, facultative aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated as MKL-01 T and isolated from the blood of immunocompromised patient, was genotypically and phenotypically characterized. The colonies were found to be creamy yellow and convex. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences revealed that strain MKL-01 T was most closely related to Cupriavidus gilardii LMG 5886 T , present within a large cluster in the genus Cupriavidus . The genome sequence of strain MKL-01 T showed the highest average nucleotide identity value of 92.1 % and digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 44.8 % with the closely related species C. gilardii LMG 5886 T . The genome size of the isolate was 5 750 268 bp, with a G+C content of 67.87 mol%. The strain could grow at 10-45 °C (optimum, 37-40 °C), in the presence of 0-10 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5%) and at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). Strain MKL-01 T was positive for catalase and negative for oxidase. The major fatty acids were C 16 : 0 , summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω 7 c /C 16 : 1  ω 6 c and/or C 16 : 1  ω 6 c /C 16 : 1  ω 7 c ) and summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 18 : 1  ω 6 c ). The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids and one unidentified polar lipid. Moreover, strain MKL-01 T contained ubiquinone Q-8 as the sole respiratory quinone. Based on its molecular, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, strain MKL-01 T represents a novel species of the genus Cupriavidus ; the name Cupriavidus cauae sp. nov. is proposed for this strain. The type strain is MKL-01 T .

During the isolation of bacteria from the Agave L. rhizosphere in northeast Mexico, four strains with similar BOX-PCR patterns were collected. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of all four strains were very similar to each other and that of the type strains of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 T (98.49 % sequence similarity) and Cupriavidus necator N-1 T (98.35 %). The genome of strain ASC-9842 T was sequenced and compared to those of other Cupriavidus species. ANIb and ANIm values with the most closely related species were lower than 95%, while the in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values were also much lower than 70 %, consistent with the proposal that they represent a novel species. This conclusion was supported by additional phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses. Therefore, the name Cupriavidus agavae sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain ASC-9842 T (=LMG 26414 T =CIP 110327 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, coccoid to small rod-shaped bacterium, designated X1T, was isolated from sludge collected from the vicinity of a pesticide manufacturer in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain X1T belonged to the genus Cupriavidus, and was most closely related to Cupriavidus taiwanensis LMG 19424T (99.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Cupriavidus alkaliphilus LMG 26294T (98.9 %). Strain X1T showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.2-98.2 % with other species of the genus Cupriavidus. The major cellular fatty acids of strain X1T were C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH (summed feature 3), C18 : 1ω7c and C17 : 0 cyclo, and the major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8. The major polar lipids of strain X1T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipid, phospholipid and hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content was 66.6 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values of strain X1T with the five reference strains C. taiwanensis LMG 19424T, C. alkaliphilus LMG 26294T, Cupriavidus necator LMG 8453T, Cupriavidus gilardii LMG 5886T and 'Cupriavidus yeoncheonense' KCTC 42053 were lower than 70 %. The results obtained from phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic characterization and DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that strain X1T should be proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Cupriavidus, for which the name Cupriavidus nantongensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is X1T (=KCTC 42909T=LMG 29218T).

A bacterial consortium able to degrade the herbicide 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid (2,4-DB) was obtained from an agricultural soil of the Argentinean Humid Pampa region which has a history of long-term herbicide use. Four bacterial strains were isolated from the consortium and identified as members of the genera Cupriavidus, Labrys and Pseudomonas. A polyphasic systematic analysis was carried out on strain CPDB6(T), the member of the 2,4-DB-degrading consortium able to degrade 2,4-DB as a sole carbon and energy source. The Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile, non-sporulating, non-fermenting bacterium was shown to belong to the genus Cupriavidus on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Strain CPDB6(T) did not reduce nitrate, which differentiated it from the type species of the genus, Cupriavidus necator; it did not grow in 0.5-4.5 % NaCl, although most species of Cupriavidus are able to grow at NaCl concentrations as high as 1.5 %; and it was able to deamidate acetamide, which differentiated it from all other species of Cupriavidus. DNA-DNA hybridization data revealed low levels of genomic DNA similarity (less than 30 %) between strain CPDB6(T) and the type strains of Cupriavidus species with validly published names. The major cellular fatty acids detected were cis-9-hexadecenoic (16 : 1ω7c) and hexadecanoic (16 : 0) acids. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characterizations, strain CPDB6(T) was recognized as a representative of a novel species within the genus Cupriavidus. The name Cupriavidus pampae sp. nov. is proposed, with strain CPDB6(T) (=CCUG 55948(T)=CCM-A-29:1289(T)) as the type strain.

The ability to degrade carbonyl sulfide (COS) was confirmed in seven bacterial strains that were isolated from soil, without the addition of COS. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that these isolates belonged to the genera Mycobacterium, Williamsia and Cupriavidus. For example, Mycobacterium sp. strain THI401, grown on PYG agar medium, was able to degrade an initial level of 30 parts per million by volume COS within 1 h, while 60 % of the initial COS was decreased by abiotic conversion in 30 h. Considering natural COS flux between soil and the atmosphere, COS degradation by these bacteria was confirmed at an ambient level of 500 parts per trillion by volume (p.p.t.v.), using sterilized soil to cultivate the bacterium. Autoclave sterilization of soil resulted in a small amount of COS emission, while Mycobacterium spp. degraded COS at a faster rate than it was emitted from the soil, and reduced the COS mixing ratio to a level that was lower than the ambient level: THI401 degraded COS from an initial level of 530 p.p.t.v. to a level of 330 p.p.t.v. in 30 h. These results provide experimental evidence of microbial activity in soil as a sink for atmospheric COS.