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Objective lo explore the application value ot a recombinant antigen-based capture enzyme immunoassay (KAg-CEIA) in detection of recent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in the sentinel surveillance population. Methods Among the HIV/AIDS sentinel surveillance population in Yunnan province in 2015, the confirmed HIV-1 antibodies positive plasma specimens matching the detection criteria for recent HIV-1 infection were tested by HIV-1 RAg-CEIA. The recent HIV-1 infection specimens were classified by the normalized optical density (ODn) values, and then the HIV-1 incidence in population were estimated. The detection and analysis data were compared with those by BED capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) and limiting antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay (LAg-Avidity EIA), respectively. Results A total of 51 313 plasma specimens were tested for HIV antibodies, in which 1 255 specimens were HIV-1 antibodies positive. 253 out of 373 specimens matching the detection criteria for recent HIV-1 infection were tested by the 3 assays, respectively. By RAg-CEIA, BED-CEIA and LAg-Avidity EIA, 88, 78 and 54 specimens were classified as recent HIV-1 infections, and the HIV-1 incidence in the sentinel surveillance population was 0.33% (95% CI: 0.26%~0.39%), 0.31% (95% CI: 0.24%-0.38%) and 0.31% (95% CI: 0.22%-0.39%), respectively. The differences between the HIV-1 incidence by the 3 assays were not statistically significant (P = 0.927). Among the sub-populations, the HIV-1 incidence in men who have sex with men (MSM) were 3.50% (95% CI: 2.48%-4.52%), 3.92% (95% CI: 2.76%-5.08%) and 4.17% (95% CI: 2.79%-5.55%), respectively. The differences between the HIV-1 incidence by the 3 assays were not statistically significant (P = 0.763). The ODn values by RAg-CEIA were linear correlation with those by BED-CEIA (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was 0.911), and those by LAg-Avidity EIA (Spearman' s rank correlation coefficient was 0.755), respectively. Conclusion HIV-1 RAg-CEIA can be effectively used in classification of recent HIV-1 infections and estimation of HIV-1 incidence, indicating that this approach has a good application prospect in detection of recent HIV-1 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]