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It is important for engineering applications that we evaluate the thermal environment based on long-term tracking and investment. Methods merging environmental, physiological, and psychological domains to implement a human-centered approach were applied in this study to assess the outdoor thermal environment in a park. The constant influence of humans in the outdoor environment can change people’s physiological, psychological, and thermal responses. Additionally, the relationship between human physiological, psychological, and thermal factors was explored in this study. The results of this study provide the following findings: (1) In summer, subjects’ skin temperature increased by 0.35 to 2.83 °C during a one-hour outdoor test without shelter, while when tree shade was provided, subjects’ skin temperature dropped by 0.50 to 1.87 °C (except for motion segments). (2) In winter, if subjects stayed outdoors for 1 h, their body segments’ skin temperature dropped by a maximum of 7.93 °C. (3) When subjects went outside, in the early stage, their thermal responses fluctuated for a long time. Therefore, TSV, TCV, and TAV should be measured after they stay outdoors for 45 to 55 min in future studies. (4) Different body segments show different sensitivities to hot or cold. Considering this, a new group of formulas for mean skin temperature calculation are proposed with high accuracy (winter: 0.95; summer: 0.89). (5) Data for the one-hour change in different assessment indicators provide a good viewpoint for park design considering multiple aims such as comfort (TCV), pleasure (EVI), and increasing energy (PFI). Overall, this study took Stalin Waterfront Park as a case study, and some suggestions involving landscaping nodes, space types, and facilities are offered. Moreover, this study provides a novel theory and reasonable method that can be referred to in urban planning and landscape design.

The geographical distributions of Cd and several other heavy metals (HMs) (Hg, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr, As, Co, and V) were characterized in 90 (p > 0.05) terra rossa samples across the Anhui karst area. Significant enrichment of HM was observed in this soil, mainly associated with the weathering of Cd-enriched carbonate rocks. Then, this enrichment was developed in 31 profiles. Our investigations revealed pedogenic processes as the dominant factors accounting for the enrichment of Hg, Cu, Ni, As, Co, and V. We also observed that all soil samples had a silty clay texture, with a pH scope of 4.08–8.04 and a median value of 6.50. In addition, the soil samples had relatively high saturation, with basic cations over 6.68%. The enrichment of the HMs based on their distinct factors were as follows: Cd (3.92) > As (2.55) > Zn (1.62) > Ni (1.50) > Cu (1.47) > Pb (1.47) > V (1.43) > Cr (1.23) > Co (1.19) > Hg (1.12). Finally, terra rossa samples derived from carbonate rocks were categorized as Cambisols, Luvisols, and Regosols. The soil profiles of Cambisols and Luvisolsis were less developed, so the HM concentrations were relatively low. The Regosols profile contained the highest total Cd concentration and exhibited a higher capacity to immobilize Cd compared with other soil profiles. Regosols are also characterized by high pH values (scope of 7.05 to 8.22, with an average value of 7.56). The contents of HM also exhibited minor changes across the Regosol, Cambisol, and Luvisol profiles, implying that the karst development degrees of weathering in Anhui were relatively low.

The mineral composition of Fe–Mn nodules (FMNs) is closely related to the environment in which FMNs are formed. The formation mechanism of FMNs has consistently been one of the major topics in related research. In this study, the mineral composition of FMNs in soils derived from carbonate rocks in typical karst areas with high geochemical background in Guangxi, Southwest China, was investigated. The results showed that Fe2O3 (30.06%), SiO2 (19.72%), Al2O3 (17.93%), TiO2 (0.96%), P2O5 (0.78%), and MnO2 (0.64%) were the main elemental composition, while four alkaline oxides K2O, Na2O, CaO, and MgO were less than 0.5% in soil FMNs. In addition, 10 mineral types were identified in soil FMNs in the study area, namely quartz, goethite, clinochlore, illite, kaolinite, boehmite, albite, microcline, lithiophorite, and hematite. There were no obvious differences in the mineral composition of soil FMNs in the study area compared with those observed in non-karst areas worldwide. The formation process of FMNs can be determined based on the surrounding environment that affects the soil mineral composition. The results suggested a relatively complex formation mechanism of soil FMNs. Moreover, both primary and secondary minerals were found in soil FMNs. However, some minerals can exist stably under normal redox conditions, while the other part of minerals can be easily weathered and dissolved, indicating a relatively high formation rate of soil FMNs and a relatively stable internal environment.