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Factors affecting the intestinal-barrier permeability of newborns, such as body mass index (BMI), nutrition and antibiotics, are assumed to affect intestinal-barrier permeability in the first two years of life. This study assessed 100 healthy, full-term newborns to 24 months old. Faecal zonulin/calprotectin concentrations were measured at 1, 6, 12, 24 months as gut-permeability markers. Zonulin concentrations increased between 1 and 12 months (medians: 114.41, 223.7 ng/mL, respectively), whereas calprotectin concentrations decreased between one and six months (medians: 149. 29, 109.28 &micro, g/mL), both then stabilized (24 months: 256.9 ng/mL zonulin, 59.5 &micro, g/mL calprotectin). In individual children, high levels at one month gave high levels at older ages (correlations: calprotectin: between 1 and 6 or 12 months: correlation coefficient (R) = 0.33, statistical significance (p) = 0.0095, R = 0.28, p = 0.032, zonulin: between 1 and 24 months: R = 0.32, p = 0.022, respectively). Parameters which gave marker increases: antibiotics during pregnancy (calprotectin, six months: by 80%, p = 0.038, 12 months: by 48%, p = 0.028), vaginal birth (calprotectin: 6 months: by 140%, p = 0.005), and &gt, 5.7 pregnancy-BMI increase (zonulin: 12 months: by 74%, p = 0.049). Conclusions: &ldquo, Closure of the intestines&rdquo, is spread over time and begins between the sixth and twelfth month of life. Antibiotic therapy, BMI increase &gt, 5.7 during pregnancy and vaginal birth are associated with increased intestinal permeability during the first two years of life. Stool zonulin and calprotectin concentrations were much higher compared with previous measurements at older ages, clinical interpretation and validation are needed (no health associations found).

Internet forums are an attractive source of health-related information. We aimed to investigate threads in the gastroenterological section of a popular Polish medical forum for anonymous users. We characterised the following aspects in threads: the main problem of the original poster, declared ailments and rationale of the responses (rational, neutral, harmful or not related to the problem of the original poster). We analysed over 2717 forum threads initiated in the years 2010&ndash, 2018. Users mostly asked for diagnosis of the problem [1814 (66.8%)], treatment [1056 (38.9%)] and diagnostic interpretation [308 (11.3%)]. The most commonly declared symptoms were abdominal pain [1046 (38.5%)], diarrhea [454 (16.7%)] and bloating [354 (13.0%)]. Alarm symptoms were mentioned in 309 (11.4%) threads. From the total 3550 responses, 1257 (35.4%) were assessed as rational, 693 (19.5%) as neutral, 157 (4.4%) as harmful and 1440 (40.6%) as not related to the user&rsquo, s problem. The original poster&rsquo, s declaration of blood in stool, dyspepsia, pain in the abdominal right lower quadrant, weight loss or inflammatory bowel disease was positively related to obtaining at least one potentially harmful response. Advice from anonymous users on Internet forums may be irrational and disregards alarm symptoms, which can delay the diagnosis of life-threatening diseases.

We aimed to rank the most common locations of pain among Google users globally and locally and analyze secular and seasonal trends in pain-related searches in the years 2004&ndash, 2019. We used data generated by Google Trends (GT) to identify and analyze global interest in topics (n = 24) related to locations of pain and how these progressed over time. We analyzed secular trends and time series decomposition to identify seasonal variations. We also calculated the interest in all topics with reference to the relative search volume (RSV) of &ldquo, Abdominal pain&rdquo, Google users were most commonly interested in &ldquo, Headache&rdquo, (1.30 [times more frequently than &ldquo, ]), &ldquo, (1.00), and &ldquo, Back pain&rdquo, (0.84). &ldquo, was the most frequent search term in n = 41 countries, while &ldquo, was the most frequent term in n = 27 countries. The interest in all pain-related topics except &ldquo, Dyspareunia&rdquo, increased over time. The sharpest increase was observed for &ldquo, (5.67 RSV/year), and &ldquo, Toothache&rdquo, (5.52 RSV/year). Most of the topics revealed seasonal variations. Among pain-related topics, &ldquo, Headache,&rdquo, &ldquo, Abdominal pain,&rdquo, and &ldquo, interested most Google users. GT is a novel tool that allows retrospective investigation of complaints among Internet users.