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With the continuous emphasis of the country on the construction of ecological civilization, promoting the utilization of straw resources has become an important measure to achieve green agricultural development. Based on the survey data of 540 households in Sichuan Province and under the guidance of the theory of planned behavior, this paper constructed the IV-Probit model to explore the impact of land transfer on the straw resource utilization of households. The results show that: (1) land transfer in and land transfer out can significantly promote the utilization of straw resources by farmers. (2) Heterogeneity analysis showed that land transfer in had a positive effect on crop straw utilization of the new generation and large-scale farmers. (3) Land transfer in can promote the utilization of straw resources by improving farmers’ economic cognition and efficacy cognition; land transfer out can promote the utilization of straw resources by improving farmers’ efficacy cognition. Accordingly, the government should improve the land transfer market, increase technology propaganda, and create an excellent policy environment to promote farmers’ participation in straw resource utilization.

Chronic diarrhea is associated with enteric dysbiosis and provokes the overuse of antibiotics. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising therapy, but it shows discrepant clinical efficacy. Bacterial colonization in recipients has been studied, although little is known about the role of gut fungi and Archaea after FMT. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of human-derived FMT on spontaneous chronic diarrhea cynomolgus monkeys and revealed the effector mechanisms. We demonstrated that FMT can mitigate the appearance of diarrheal symptoms and inhibit the increase in interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ and the decrease in interleukin-10 in serum. We confirmed that FMT restored the disturbance of gut bacteria by reducing the relative abundances of potential pathogens, including Cloacibacillus porcorum, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 5_2_54FAA, and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 21_3, and increasing the levels of Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus ruminis CAG_367 in diarrheal monkeys. The metabolic pathways of healthy and FMT monkeys’ gut bacteria were enriched in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism, while the metabolic pathways of pre-FMT monkeys’ gut bacteria were enriched in antibiotic production. Moreover, a higher Ascomycota/Basidiomycota ratio, higher Aspergillus levels, and lower Trichosporon asahii abundance were present in intestinal fungi after FMT. Although the abundance of the Archaea Methanosphaera stastmanae did not change significantly, it was inversely correlated with the anti-inflammatory factor IL-4 after FMT. These results support the further development and application of FMT for chronic diarrhea.

Encouraging farmers to respond to climate change is very important for agricultural production and environmental governance. Based on the data of 540 farmers in Sichuan Province, China, the effects of conformity tendencies on farmers’ adaptive behavior decisions to climate change were analyzed using the binary logistic model and propensity score matching method (PSM). The results show that (1) relatives’ and friends’ adaptive behaviors to climate change positively affect farmers’ adaptive behaviors to climate change. (2) Compared with relatives and friends who do not visit each other during the New Year (weak ties), the climate change adaptation behavior of relatives and friends who visit each other during the New Year (strong ties) has a more significant impact on the climate change adaptation behavior of farmers. (3) Farmers with higher education levels and agricultural products without disaster experience are more significantly affected by peer effects and more inclined to take measures to respond to climate change. (4) Social networks and social trust play a partially mediating role in the peer effects of farmers’ adaptation to climate change, but there are differences between relatives and friends with different strong and weak ties.

Currently, there is limited knowledge about the immunological profiles of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We used computer-based immunoinformatic analysis and the newly resolved 3-dimensional (3D) structures of the SARS-CoV-2 S trimeric protein, together with analyses of the immunogenic profiles of SARS-CoV, to anticipate potential B-cell and T-cell epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein for vaccine design, particularly for peptide-driven vaccine design and serological diagnosis. Nine conserved linear B-cell epitopes and multiple discontinuous B-cell epitopes composed of 69 residues on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 trimeric S protein were predicted to be highly antigenic. We found that the SARS-CoV-2 S protein has a different antigenic profile than that of the SARS-CoV S protein due to the variations in their primary and 3D structures. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 may exploit an immune evasion mechanism through two point mutations in the critical and conserved linear neutralization epitope (overlap with fusion peptide) around a sparsely glycosylated area. These mutations lead to a significant decrease in the antigenicity of this epitope in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. In addition, 62 T-cell epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein were predicted in our study. The structure-based immunoinformatic analysis for the SARS-CoV-2 S protein in this study may improve vaccine design, diagnosis, and immunotherapy against the pandemic of COVID-19.

Sichuan is a province in Southwest China that is famous worldwide for its earthquakes. However, few quantitative studies in China have probed the correlations between rural households&rsquo, financial preparation, disaster experience, and disaster-risk perception. Using survey data of 327 rural households from four areas stricken by the Wenchuan Earthquake and Lushan Earthquake in Sichuan, the ordinary least square (OLS) method was used to quantitatively explore the correlations between these three factors. The results show that rural households&rsquo, total family cash income, asset diversity, and whether rural households can borrow money from relatives and friends whenever there is a catastrophe such as an earthquake are significantly negatively correlated with the probability of disaster occurrence. Asset diversity and whether rural households can borrow money from banks whenever there is a catastrophe such as an earthquake are significantly positively related to the severity of disaster occurrence. The severity of residents&rsquo, disaster experience is not significantly correlated with the probability of disaster occurrence, but is significantly positively related to the severity of the disaster. The research results can provide useful enlightenment for the improvement of financial preparedness and disaster risk management for rural households in earthquake-stricken areas.