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Thyroid autoimmunity is associated with an increased risk of sexual dysfunction. The aim of this study was to compare sexual functioning and depressive symptoms in women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis receiving different treatments. The study included euthyroid women with autoimmune thyroiditis, untreated or receiving vitamin D, selenomethionine, or myo-inositol. Apart from measuring antibody titers and hormone levels, all participants completed questionnaires evaluating female sexual function (FSFI) and depressive symptoms (BDI-II). In untreated women, the overall FSFI scores and domain scores for desire, arousal, lubrication, and sexual satisfaction were lower than in women receiving vitamin D, selenomethionine, and myo-inositol. In the vitamin D-treated women, the total FSFI scores and scores for desire and arousal were higher than in women receiving the remaining micronutrients. The BDI-II score was lowest in the vitamin D-treated women and highest in the untreated patients with thyroiditis. Vitamin D-treated women were also characterized by lower antibody titers and higher testosterone levels than the women receiving the remaining micronutrients. There were no differences in sexual functioning and depressive symptoms between the selenomethionine- and myo-inositol-treated women. The study results suggest that although all antibody-lowering treatments are associated with better sexual functioning and well-being in young women with euthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis, the greatest benefits are observed in patients receiving vitamin D.

Metformin was found to decrease elevated levels of anterior pituitary hormones. Its impact on lactotrope secretory function was absent in women with vitamin D insufficiency. This study investigated whether vitamin D status determines metformin action on overactive gonadotropes. We compared the effect of six-month metformin treatment on the plasma levels of gonadotropins, TSH, prolactin, ACTH, estradiol, free thyroid hormones, IGF-1, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, as well as on glucose homeostasis markers between three matched groups of postmenopausal women at high risk for diabetes: untreated subjects with vitamin D insufficiency (group A), untreated women with normal vitamin D status (group B), and individuals receiving vitamin D supplementation with normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (group C). Only in groups B and C did metformin reduce FSH levels and tend to decrease LH levels, and these effects correlated with baseline gonadotropin levels, baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, and the improvement in insulin sensitivity. Follow-up gonadotropin levels were higher in group A than in the other two groups. The drug did not affect circulating levels of TSH, prolactin, ACTH, estradiol, free thyroid hormones, IGF-1, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The obtained results suggest that the impact of metformin on gonadotropin secretion in women after menopause is determined by vitamin D status.

Both hyperprolactinemia and vitamin D deficiency appear to be associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. This study aimed to determine whether vitamin D status influences the cardiometabolic effects of cabergoline. The study included three matched groups of women with mild to moderate hyperprolactinemia: vitamin D-naive subjects with vitamin D insufficiency (group A), women with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency successfully treated with vitamin D (group B), and vitamin D-naive individuals with normal vitamin D status (group C). Plasma prolactin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, estradiol, glucose homeostasis markers, lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, homocysteine, and uric acid, as well as the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), were measured at study entry and after four months of cabergoline treatment. Although cabergoline reduced prolactin levels and increased estradiol levels in all study groups, the effect on prolactin was more pronounced in groups B and C compared to group A. In groups B and C, the drug enhanced glucose homeostasis, increased HDL-cholesterol, and decreased triglycerides, hsCRP, fibrinogen, homocysteine, uric acid, and UACR. In group A, only insulin resistance, hsCRP, and homocysteine were reduced by cabergoline. The effects on insulin sensitivity, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, hsCRP, fibrinogen, homocysteine, uric acid, and UACR were proportional to the decrease in prolactin and baseline levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The obtained results suggest that vitamin D status determines cabergoline’s cardiometabolic effects.