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The creation of new sunflower hybrids with high genetic potential for seed yield on the basis of interspecies hybridization requires a possession of the information about the mode of inheritance and the combining abilities of the created inbreed lines for the total seed number per head and the mass of 100 seeds. Apart from this the research of interdependence between yield components and seed yield allows the defining of traits which have the biggest influence on the yield formation. Significant differences were found among the A lines, Rf testers and their F1 hybrids in total seed number per head and the mass of 100 seeds. Analysis of variance of the combining abilities revealed highly significant differences for GCA and SCA. Highly significant positive value GCA was demonstrated by A-line NS-GS-5 for both traits. Hybrid NS-GS-5xRHA-R- PL-2/1 has the highest significant value SCA for both traits. The main role in inheritance of the total seed number per head and the mass of 100 seeds is played by non additive component of the genetic variance which is confirmed by the GCA/SCA relation in F1 generation that is less than one (0.11, 0.24). Rf-testers had the highest average contribution in the expression of the total seed number per head (55.8%) while for the mass of 100 seeds a more significant contribution was given by A-line (70.6%). A strong positive interdependence has been determined between seed yield and total seed number per head (0.376*) and a very strong positive interdependence was determined between seed yield and the mass of 100 seeds (0.823). These research can be significant for the creation of new high-yielding sunflower hybrids on the basis of interspecies hybridization. Stvaranje novih hibrida suncokreta sa visokim genetskim potencijalom za prinos semena na osnovu interspecijes hibridizacije zahteva posedovanje informacija o načinu nasleđivanja i kombinacionim sposobnostima stvorenih inbred linija za ukupan broj semena po glavi i masu 100 semena. Pored ovoga, istraživanja međuzavisnosti komponenti prinosa i prinosa semena omogućavaju definisanjae svojstava koja imaju najveći uticaj na formiranje prinosa. Pronađene su značajne razlike između A linija, Rf testera i njihovih F1 hibrida u ukupnom broju semena po glavi i masi od 100 semena. Analizom varijanse kombinacionih sposobnosti uočene su visoko značajne razlike za OKS i PKS. Visoko značajnu pozitivnu vrednost OKS pokazala je A-linija NS-GS-5 za obe ispitivane osobine. Hibrid NS-GS-5xRHA-R-PL-2/1 ima visoko značajnu vrednost PKS za ukupan broj semena po glavi i masu 100 semena. Glavnu ulogu u nasleđivanju ukupnog broja semena po glavi i mase 100 semena igra neaditivna komponenta genetske varijanse, što je potvrđeno odnosom OKS/PKS u F1 generaciji koji je manji od 1 (0.11, 0.24). Najveći prosečan doprinos u ekspresiji ukupnog broja semena po glavi (55.8%) imali su Rf testeri, dok je za masu od 100 semena mnogo važniji doprinos A-linija (70.6%). Jaka pozitivna međuzavisnost utvrđena je između prinosa semena i ukupnog broja semena po glavi (0.376*) i vrlo jaka pozitivna međuzavisnost utvrđena je između prinosa semena i mase 100 semena (0.823). Ova istraživanja mogu biti značajna za stvaranje novih visoko prinosnih hibrida suncokreta na bazi interspecijes hibridizacije.

Gorjanovic B., M. Brdar-Jokanovic, and M. Kraljevic-Balalic (2011): Phenotypic variability of bread wheat genotypes for nitrogen harvest index-Genetika, Vol 43, No. 2, 419 -426. Nitrogen harvest index (grain nitrogen content over total nitrogen content ratio) is a measure of the efficiency of nitrogen translocation from the vegetative portions of the plant to the grain. It can be recommended as a selection criterion for nitrogen use efficiency improvement. The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen harvest index in twelve bread wheat genotypes at three nitrogen levels and to classify genotypes according to their phenotypic similarity for the examined trait. The results of factorial ANOVA showed that nitrogen harvest index was influenced mostly by the year x genotype interaction, year of investigation and genotype; and to the lowest extent by the applied nitrogen rate. Increasing nitrogen doses did not lead to the increased nitrogen harvest index. The calculated nitrogen harvest index values were the highest for wheat growing season 2004/05, and the smallest for the season 2006/07. The highest nitrogen harvest indices were calculated for cultivars Pobeda at the N-0 rate and Zlatka at the N-100 rate (0.93), and the lowest for cultivar Tamaro at the N-0 rate (0.63). Analyzing the constructed dendogram, cultivars Pobeda and Renan at all three levels of nitrogen supply can be singled out as the genotypes with the highest, and cultivar Tamaro as the variety with the lowest harvest index value. The results of this study may be used in developing new high-yielding bread wheat cultivars with improved nitrogen use efficiency. Growing such cultivars would provide the savings in mineral fertilizers and minimize their possible harmful effect on environment.

Nitrogen harvest index - NHI is a measure of efficiency of nitrogen translocation from vegetative organs to grain. The goal of this paper is to investigate variability and stability of nitrogen harvest index of twelve bread wheat genotypes, on three nitrogen levels. ANOVA showed that nitrogen harvest index was mostly under influence of the year x genotype interaction, year of investigation and genotype, and in the smallest amount of the nitrogen rate. Increasing doses of nitrogen did not lead to increased nitrogen harvest index. AMMI analysis showed that most genotypes differed in both the main effect and in GxE interaction. The highest stability i.e. the smallest interaction effect, was found in varieties Axis, Ilona, Sonata and Renan on N0 rate, and in varieties Malyska, Petrana, Axis and Evropa 90 on N100 rate. Cultivar Pobeda with the high average values for nitrogen harvest index, also had small interaction effect, i.e. it proved to be a stable variety.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic trace metal pollutant for humans, animals, and plants. It is a heavy metal present in soils from natural and anthropogenic sources. Much of the Cd taken up by plants is retained in the root, but a portion is translocated to the aerial portions of the plant and into the seed. The objective of this research was to determine the variability and diversity of Cd content in the leaves of 30 wheat cultivars with different ploidy level, during two years. Analyses of Cd content (ppm) in the leaves at heading stage were performed with an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Significant differences between the mean values of the genotypes in Cd content were found. Tetraploid wheat genotypes had higher Cd content than hexaploid genotypes. Cd content was predominantly influenced by the year of growing (73%). The influence of genotype on Cd content amounted 16% and the interaction genotype × year 11%. The cluster of the genotypes consists of four groups. In the groups three and four were some of the genotypes (Kalyan Sona, Partizanka and NS Rana 5) with lowest Cd content in the leaves. They could be chosen as parents in the hybridization for lower cadmium concentration. Kadmijum (Cd) pripada grupi 'teških metala'. On je toksičan za biljke, životinje i ljude. Njegovo prisustvo u zemljištu potiče iz prirodnih i intropogenih izvora. Veći deo usvojenog Cd zadržava se u korenu, ali deo se translocira u nadzemne delove biljke i u seme. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita varijabilnost i divergentnost sadržaja Cd u listovima kod 30 genotipova pšenice različitog nivoa ploidnosti. Ogled je izveden u toku dve vegetacione sezone. Sadržaj Cd (ppm) u listovima pšenice u fazi klasanja određen je primenom AAS. Ustanovljene su značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima između ispitivanih genotipova. Tetraploidni genotipovi imali su veći sadržaj Cd u odnosu na heksapolidne. Glavni efekti (genotip i godina) i interakcija pokazali su visoko značajne razlike. Sadržaj Cd je najvećim delom bio uslovljen godinom ispitivanja (73%). Uticaj genotipa na sadržaj Cd iznosio je 16%, dok je interakcija genotip×godina iznosila 11%. Klaster genotipova sastojao se od četiri grupe. U grupi tri i četiri nalazili su se genotipovi sa najmanjim sadržajem Cd u listovima tj. najefikasniji u korišćenju Cd (Kalyan Sona, Partizanka i NS Rana 5). Oni bi se mogli koristiti kao roditelji u hibridizaciji na niži sadržaj Cd.

Present in excessive amounts, micronutrient boron may become toxic for plants. The aim of this study was to investigate boron tolerance in seedlings of 12 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes treated with boric acid. Selection criterion was root growth suppression in the presence of boron, which varied between 15.2 (Apache) and 46.3% (Renan). Root lengths on control and root growth suppression on treatments were not correlated. Boron content and dry weight of seedlings varied in vast intervals in all groups on control, as well as on treatments, which is probably caused by different boron tolerance mechanisms. Root growth suppression in genotypes Apache, Trakija and Bezostaja 1 was less than 20% and they may be considered as boron tolerant. Renan, Fundulea 4, Magdalena, Pergamino Gaboto and Donjecka 48 are marked as boron sensitive owing to more than 30% shorter roots on boron treatments. Norin 10/Brevor 14, Radika, Žitarka and Mironovska 808 were medium tolerant to excess boron. Mikroelement bor može imati toksično dejstvo na više biljke ukoliko se u spoljašnjoj sredini nade u visokoj koncentraciji. Cilj rada je bilo ispitivanje tolerancije na bor kod klijanaca 12 genotipova pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.) tretiranih bornom kiselinom. Selekcioni kriterijum je bila redukcija rasta korena u prisustvu bora, koja je varirala između 15,2 (Apache) i 46,3% (Renan). Nije zabeležena korelacija između dužine korenovog sistema na kontroli i redukcije rasta korena na tretmanima. Sadržaj bora i masa suvih klijanaca su varirali u širokim intervalima u svim grupama, i na kontroli i na tretmanima, čemu su verovatno uzrok različiti mehanizmi tolerancije na bor. Kod genotipova Apache, Trakija i Bezostaja 1 je redukcija rasta korena bila manja od 20% i oni bi se mogli smatrati tolerantnim na bor. Renan, Fundulea 4, Magdalena, Pergamino Gaboto i Donjecka 48 su svrstani u grupu osetljivih genotipova. Redukcija rasta korena je u ovoj grupi iznosila preko 30%. Sorte Norin 10/Brevor 14, Radika, Žitarka i Mironovska 808 su bile srednje tolerantne na visoke koncentracije bora.

Nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity, as well as free proline and soluble protein content were measured in eight soybean parent genotypes and six F1 hybrids. The aim of this study was to determine variability and the mode of inheritance for these parameters, and point out the genotypes of interest for future breeding programs. Analysed genotypes and their F1 hybrids expressed significant differences in activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase enzymes, as well as in soluble proteins and free proline contents. Since mode of inheritance for all investigated traits was in most cases dominance or heterosis, it can be concluded that these parameters are under control of dominant genes. The obtained results suggest that genotypes with favorable traits, such as variety Linda, line 1511, and F1 hybrids (Linda x LN92-7369) and (Balkan x BL-8), could be of interest as a good starting material for further breeding programs. U radu je određena aktivnost enzima metabolizma azota nitrat reduktaze i glutamin sintetaze, kao i sadržaj rastvorljivih proteina i slobodnog prolina u osam roditeljskih genotipova i šest F1 hibrida. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrde varijabilnost navedenih genotipova za odabrane parametre i način njihovog nasleđivanja. Ustanovljeno je postojanje statistički značajnih razlika između genotipova, kako u pogledu enzimske aktivnosti, tako i u količini rastvorljivih proteina i slobodnog prolina. Budući da su se ova svojstva nasleđivala pretežno dominantno, uz pojavu heterozisa, može se pretpostaviti da su pod kontrolom gena sa dominantnim dejstvom. Kao genotipovi sa povoljnim osobinama izdvojili su se roditeljska sorta Linda i linija 1511, i hibridi (Linda x LN7369) i (Balkan x BL-8), koji bi mogli poslužiti u uzgoju genotipova soje povećane tolerantnosti na sušu sa povećanim kapacitetom za usvajanje azota i sadržaj proteina.

One of the primary tasks of sunflower breeding is the development of inbred lines by interspecific hybridization for the purpose of obtaining high-yielding, stable hybrids that are characterized by altered plant appearance and the ability to produce a higher number of plants per unit area under intensive agriculture conditions. Studied in this paper by the line x tester method were seven new divergent cms inbred lines (A) lines, three Rf restorers utilized as testers, and 21 F1 hybrids developed. Significant differences in the mean values of all the traits studied were observed. Highly significant GCA and SCA values were obtained for petiole length (PL) and total leaf area per plant (TLA). The nonadditive component of genetic variance played the main role in the inheritance of both these traits. This was confirmed by the GCA/SCA ratios for PL and LA in the F1 generation, which were below the value of one (0.43 and 0.07, respectively). The greatest average contribution to the expression of PL (49.9%) and TLA (57.1%) was found in the female A lines. A positive correlation was found between seed yield (SY) and PL (0.374*) and TLA (0.630**), while seed oil content (SOC) and TLA were found to be negatively correlated (-0.520**). The findings of this study can be used in the development of new high-yielding sunflower hybrids with high yields based on interspecific hybridization. Jedan od primarnih zadataka oplemenjivanja suncokreta je stvaranje inbred linija putem interspecijes hibridizacije radi dobijanja visokoprinosnih i stabilnih hibrida promenjenog izgleda koji u uslovima intenzivne agrotehnike omogućavaju povećanje broja biljaka po jedinici površine. Za linija x tester analizu korišćeno je sedam novih divergentnih (A) citoplazmatski muško sterilnih inbred linija nastalih interspecijes hibridizacijom, tri Rf-restorer linije kao testeri i 21 hibrid F1 generacije. Dobijene su značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima za sva ispitivana svojstva. Izračunate su visoko značajne vrednosti OKS i PKS za dužinu lisne drške (DLD) i ukupne lisne površine po biljci (ULP). Glavnu ulogu u nasleđivanju oba svojstva ima neaditivna komponenta genetske varijanse. To potvrđuje i odnos OKS/PKS u F1 generaciji koji je manji od jedinice i iznosi 0.43 za DLD i 0.07 za ULP. Najveći prosečan doprinos u ekspresiji ovih svojstava imale su A-linije majke i to (49.9%) za DLD i (57.1%) za ULP. Ustanovljena je pozitivna međuzavisnost prinosa semena (PS) sa DLD (0.374*) i ULP (0.630**). Između sadržaja ulja u semenu (SU) i ULP ustanovljena je značajna negativna međuzavisnost (-0.520**). Ova istraživanja mogu biti od značaja za stvaranje novih visoko prinosnih genotipova suncokreta na bazi interspecies hibridizacije.

The influence of genotype, year and genotype x year interaction on variation of 14 characters of hardwood cutting rooting ability in field conditions, as well as relationship among them was examined in four dates of observation during the first half of vegetation period for fifteen genotypes of Populus deltoides Bartr. are presented. The influence of year rose throughout the examined period, while influence of genotype x year interaction was usually weak. Most of characters had high heritability in second date of observation (second half of May). Beside total number of first-order roots, results signify number of roots on middle and basal part of cutting, as well as shoot characters (number of leaves and shoot height), while characters describing wound roots (roots on basal cut) appeared insignificant. Examined characters were grouped according to PCA(Principal Component Analysis) in two groups, defined by number of roots in the middle part of cutting and number of roots on basal part of cutting. .

Using the line x tester analysis we studied the combining ability and gene effects of plant height, spike length and number of spikelets per spike in durum wheat. The results of the study show that non-additive genes play more important role than additive genes in the inheritance of plant height, number of spikelets per spike in both years and in inheritance of spike length only in the first year of research. Variety Belfugito, the best general combiner for plant height and number of spikelets per spike, combined well in two best hybrids: Belfugito x Alifen and Belfugito x Yavaros 79, and these hybrids may be used in wheat breeding programs. In the majority of the cases, good specific combining ability (SCA) effects were associated with crosses of two genetically divergent parents having at least one parent as a good general combiner.

Phenotypic stability of the yield components of three sunflower (Helianthus annum L) inbred lines in their third, fourth and fifth year of self-pollination was analyzed. Stability parameters were calculated following an Eberhart and Russell (1966) model. According to regression coefficients, the investigated lines showed satisfactory stability of the protein content in seeds and weight per 1000 seeds. The line D4441 in the third year of self-pollination was identified as the most stabile one regarding protein content. As for weight per 1000 seeds, the best genotype stability was detected in the line Rs 4 I 10 in its fourth year of self-pollination.

The mode of inheritance and gene effect for plant height of 7x7 half diallel crosses of wheat varieties and lines was evaluated in F1 and F2 generation. The mode of inheritance, calculated for each combination separately, was different and depended on the cross combination. The absence of interallelic interaction between the genes determining the expression of plant height was concluded from the regression analysis. The regression line intercepts the Wr axis below the origin in F1 indicating overdominance over an average of all arrays. In F2 the regression line cuts the Wr axis above the origin indicating partial dominance.