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Introduction. The aim of our research is to determine the breakdown value of vitamin B12 in the blood that causes mild cognitive impairment. Material and Methods. Two hundred respondents participated in this research. Using screening tests, mild cognitive impairment was found in 50 patients, while in 150 patients the cognitive function was preserved. Borderline values and units of vitamin B12 concentration were determined according to the standards of the local laboratory and their reference values ranged from 138.00 to 652.00 pmol/l. Results. Using the t-test for independent samples, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the values of vitamin B12 in relation to whether or not the respondents had mild cognitive impairment (? = 0.000), i.e. that respondents with mild cognitive impairment - 225.66 had significantly lower values of vitamin B12 than those without mild cognitive impairment - 421.06. The statistic analysis revealed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was significantly above 0,5 (0.968) and this result was statistically significant (? < 0.0005). The breakdown value of vitamin B12 was determined as the maximum product between sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion. In this research, we determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the values of vitamin B12 in relation to whether or not the respondents had mild cognitive impairment. Being a significant risk factor for mild cognitive impairment, we defined the breakdown value of vitamin B12 which induces mild cognitive impairment of 300.5 pmol/l.

The paper discusses main structural models and submodels of the clauses with the general meaning of purpose, most commonly with the conjunctions da (with the present tense or potential) and kako (with the potential), as well as complex conjunctions ne bi li, and e/da. The analysis is done mostly on the corpus of contemporary Serbian writers, and various criteria are combined for the typology, in order to provide a complete overview of their status in the system of complex sentences. Intentional clauses with the potential are marked by a greater level of uncertainty as regards achieving the goal, while the intentional clauses with the conjunction da (followed by the present tense) are unmarked in that sense, since they refer to actions which are more certain, as they are not dependent upon the will of the subject, but upon the ?xpected/unexpected results of a previous event.

After interesting conversations with his uncle Milos Crnjanski, who explained to him on one occasion that when writing Migrations (?????) he also used data from the memories of the author?s grandfather and great-grandfather, the author embarked on a careful reading of the memories and found in them details that confirmed what Milos had stated. The author has prepared a presentation in which excerpts from Memoirs are presented against the quotes from the Migrations.

Introduction/Objective. The objective was to determine the degree of conversion (DC), cross-link density, percentage of leachable monomers, flexural strength (FS), and hardness (HV) of nanohybrid, nanofilled bulk-fill, giomer, fiber-reinforced, and low-shrinkage composites. Methods. Standardized specimens (n = 5/group) of Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, Filtek Bulk Fill, Beautifil, EverX posterior, Kalore, Filtek Z250 (microhybrid control), and Tetric EvoCeram (nanohybrid control) were subjected to micro-Raman spectroscopy, three-point bending, and HV. Cross-linking density and leachable monomers were ascertained based on the ratio of HV and DC before and after immersion in absolute ethanol. Results. DC was in the range 50.4?70.5%, the highest for Filtek Bulk and the lowest for Kalore. The highest %DC change was in Beautifil (10.3%) and the lowest in Filtek Bulk (1.4%) and Z250 (1.28%). FS ranged between 78.9 MPa (TEC) and 126.7 MPa (Filtek Bulk). HV ranged between 58.6 (Kalore) and 113.9 (Z250) and significantly decreased post-immersion (19?55%). HV48h inversely correlated to HV% loss (r = -0.761), whilst DC positively correlated with FS (r = 0.893). Conclusion. Filtek Bulk, EverX, and Z250 showed the highest DC. The lowest DC and mechanical properties were observed for Kalore. The greatest cross-link density was shown by Filtek Bulk. There were up to 10% of leachable monomers. DC and FS positively correlated.

Introduction/Objective. In Serbia, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began in early March 2020. The aim of this study is to summarize clinical experience in the treatment of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury by methods of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) with the focus on the amount of the administered dose of unfractionated heparin. Methods. The study covers 12 patients treated with CRRT at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases at the Clinical Center of Vojvodina from March 6 to May 20, 2020. Antithrombotic prophylaxis, risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), applied therapy, biochemical parameters before and after CRRT, anticoagulation and other CRRT parameters were analyzed. Results. The mean age of the patients was 61.54 ? 10.37 years and seven (58.3%) were men. All the patients received standard thromboprophylaxis. Nine (75%) patients had Padua Prediction Score for Risk of VTE ? 4, but none developed a thrombotic event. Seven critically ill patients with multi-organic dysfunction developed acute kidney injury dependent on CRRT. The mean CRRT dose was 36.6 ml/kg/h, the mean bolus dose of unfractionated heparin was 3250 ? 1138.18 IU, and the continuous dose was 1112.5 ? 334.48 IU/kg/h. Discontinuation of CRRT due to the clotting circuit was necessary in only one patient. The values of leukocytes, AST, ALT, GGT, aPTT, PT were significantly higher after CRRT compared to urea, creatinine, potassium, chlorine and magnesium, whose values were significantly lower. Conclusion. In our COVID-19 patients who had high inflammatory parameters and D-dimer and an estimated risk of developing deep vein thrombosis, the implementation pre-dilution continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration with antithrombotic membrane and 1/? to 1/? higher unfractionated heparin doses than the recommended one, the filter life lasted longer with no complications.

Introduction. Hepatitis A virus is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis, and in people over 25 years of age the disease may have different degrees of severity. Even though hepatitis A virus infection was long believed to be transmitted strictly by fecal-oral route, now this virus is classified among sexually transmitted diseases. Homosexual population, especially those positive for human immunodeficiency virus, is at the greatest risk of hepatitis A virus infection. Case 1. A twenty-six-year-old male homosexual was admitted with clinical and laboratory findings of acute hepatitis. The patient tested positive for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay immunoglobulin M antibodies to hepatitis A virus and human immunodeficiency virus antibodies, and later on human immunodeficiency virus infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction test. After the discharge, the antiretroviral therapy was initiated. Case 2. A twenty-seven-year-old male homosexual was transferred to our clinic from the Regional Hospital, where he was hospitalized due to acute hepatitis A virus infection, after a positive serological test for anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibodies. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction test, and upon discharge, antiretroviral therapy was initiated. Conclusion. In order to take the most effective preventive measures, it is very important to identify individuals and groups at high risk of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis A virus. Timely vaccination against hepatitis A virus among people living with human immunodeficiency virus is recommended and therefore it is necessary to design effective strategies for education of groups at risk.

Bovine mastitis is an important disease in the dairy industry responsi?ble for the welfare and significant economic losses in dairy cows. The treatment of choice for mastitis is the administration of antibiotics. However, this therapeutic choice has some disadvantages including presence of antibiotics residues in the milk, low cure rate as well as rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Therefore, new alternative approaches to antibiotics were investigated by different groups of researchers in order to find an effective approach for bovine mastitis therapy. This review was conducted in order to analyze different publications on usage of essential oils in relation to bovine mastitis. There are many in vitro studies for evaluating the antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils against many mastitis associated pathogens. In addition, numerous of tested essential oils have shown good efficacy with a wide range of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). On the other hand, only several in vivo studies have focused on therapeutic effects of essential oils. Moreover, recent studies indicate the possibility of using essential oils in the fight against biofilm which could be promising fight against bovine mastitis since unsuccessful antibiotic treatment can be associated with the presence of biofilms.

Introduction. Between 20 - 60% of patients with chronic hepatitis C present with elevated serum ferritin and iron, as well as increased transferrin saturation, yet without a significant liver iron burden. The objective of this article was to summarize current knowledge on interactions between hepatitis C virus infection and iron metabolism. Case Report. A 34-year-old female patient positive for hepatitis C virus genotype 3, underwent therapy of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon/ribavirin. The therapy was discontinued after four weeks due to leukopenia, anemia and significantly increased ferritin levels. Liver biopsy (Perl?s stain) revealed iron deposition predominantly in periportal hepatocytes. The therapy of chronic hepatitis C was continued by direct-acting (sofosbuvir/antiviral/velpatasvir) drugs. During the course of the therapy, the patient presented with normal complete blood count, ferritin of 150 ?g/l, and ferremia at upper limit of normal. Twelve weeks after the end of the therapy, the patient showed a sustained virologic response. The additional diagnostics of hereditary hemochromatosis has been performed, and therapeutic phlebotomy procedures were initiated. Conclusion. In patients with chronic hepatitis C and significantly elevated serum ferritin and iron, the diagnosis should be extended to hereditary hemochromatosis.

DNA analysis can have great practical application in the management and successful operation of the farm. The application of DNA technology is becoming a tremendous challenge for farm breeding of domestic animals. In recent years, traditional selection methods have been supplement by the results of molecular analysis of the genome. Determining the genetic distance of sheep and goat breeds had practical and multiple significance. Microsatellites are used widely in the selection, and genomic selection is becoming an increasing challenge for breeders. The development of SNP chips brings an immense advanced for rapid and comprehensive analysis of the genome, which is of great importance for the successful selection and Genomic selection in sheep concentrated on all aspects of genetic and production directions. However, it should be noted that genomic selections in sheep breeding, and especially in goat breeding, take place at a slower pace compared to cattle breeding.

Crvena Ranka? is one of the oldest autochthonous plum cultivars in Serbia. However, it is endangered due to the long-term pathogen pressure and continuous suppression by commercially important cultivars and therefore faced with genetic erosion. This study was carried out to investigate the suitability of two efficient and simple cryopreservation methods using aluminium cryo-plates for its conservation. Precultured shoot tips of this genotype were embedded in alginate gel into cryo-plates wells. Osmoprotection was performed using loading solution with 1.9 M glycerol and 0.5 M sucrose (30 min at room temperature). In the V cryo-plate protocol, explants were dehydrated at room temperature for 20 or 40 min with PVS A3 (37.5% glycerol, 15% dimethylsulfoxide, 15% ethylene glycol and 22.5% sucrose) or with PVS3 (50% glycerol and 50% sucrose) for 60 min. In the D cryo-plate protocol, desiccation for 2, 2.5 or 3 h was performed over silica gel. Then, the cryo-plates were directly immersed into liquid nitrogen. Unloading was done in MS medium containing 0.8 M sucrose (30 min at room temperature). In the V cryo-plate procedure regrowth of cryopreserved explants dehydrated with PVS A3 was between 50% and 51.9%, while in those dehydrated with PVS3 it was 66.7%. As for the D cryo-plate method, regrowth of cryopreserved explants ranged between 30-40%. After regrowth, shoots were successfully multiplied and rooted. Results prove the feasibility of these new cryogenic methods for a long-term storage of this valuable Prunus genotype.

The subject of this paper is modeling of an intake manifold of a four-stroke IC engine using contemporary software tools. Virtual 3D CAD model of an intake manifold was designed based on a real intake manifold of a four-stroke IC engine. Based on the CAD model a 3D CFD model of the intake manifold was created. The modeling has been done with the purpose of simulation of the air flow inside the intake manifold in order to monitor values of the internal pressure during several seconds of the engine operation in three different operating points. Also, an experiment was conducted, which included measurements of intake manifold pressure in the same engine operating points in the course of a time interval of approximately the same duration. The results of both the simulation and the experimental measurements have been shown in the paper proving that the created model was good enough for the intended purpose.

The purpose of this study was to investigate oestrus synchronization efficiency and ram maturity effect on fertility of ewes of MIS sheep population during summer season. Research was performed on the experimental sheep farm of the Institute for Animal Husbandry in Belgrade, Serbia. The study included 70 crossbred ewes of MIS sheep population (Pirot Pramenka, Merinolandschaf and Ile de France breed) and 3 Ile de France rams (2 young, sexually unexperienced rams and 1 mature ram). Oestrus was synchronized in all 70 ewes using progestagen impregnated vaginal sponges (30 mg fluorogestone acetate) in combination with 500 IU PMSG. Ewes were mated with rams 48 h later. Obtained fertility and productivity results were as follows: lambing rate 57.14% (40/70), gestation length 147.11, litter size 1.82, stillborn rate 15.07%, birth weight of lambs 4.29 kg and body weight of lambs at 30 days of age 13.07 kg on average. Based on the results obtained in this study it was concluded that presented oestrus synchronization and mating protocol yielded lower than expected lambing rate. The effect of ram maturity on lambing rate was significant (P

Copper-zirconium alloys with high conductivity were produced using powder metallurgy. Two-steps manufacturing process, containing mechanical alloying followed by hot pressing, was applied in achieving improved mechanical and physical properties of Cu-Zr alloy. In this paper, the influence of boron on Cu-Zr alloys properties was studied on Cu-1Zr (wt.%) and Cu-1.1Zr-0.3B (wt.%) systems. Scanning electron microscopy, laser nanoparticle sizer, computed tomography and X-ray diffraction were employed for observation of changes in the microstructure during production steps. More specifically - variations in size of the Cu particles, powder mixtures? structural parameters, and development of CuZr phase in binary alloy, CuZr phase and ZrB2 particles in ternary alloy were observed. It was shown that presence of boron increases dislocation density in ternary alloy over the mechanical alloying time compared to binary alloy. The results presented in this study show higher hardening effect in Cu-Zr- B alloy compared to Cu-Zr alloy, resulting in stable hardness values during thermomechanical treatment. Further, it can be seen that finely dispersed reinforcing ZrB2 particles in copper matrix does not have significant influence on its conductivity. Moreover, both systems Cu-Zr and Cu-Zr-B exhibit better electrical conductivity after thermomechanical treatment as a result of zirconium reduction in solid solution due to its precipitation.

Crossbreeding serves as a predictable and cost-effective method to genetically increase lamb body weight by mating two or more breeds of sheep. The crossing over breed comes to a far greater number of combinations of genes and thus is more likely to express favorable allele carriers of economically important traits. The phenomenon of heterosis has used since the beginning of the last century. However, its genetic basis has remained unclear. From the very beginning of the knowledge of heterosis to the present day, there are several theories, but neither theory able to answer all questions that arise regarding the apparent strength of the F1 generation offspring. Not assert anything about the genetic or molecular phenomenon that causes heterosis. It has been increasingly experimentally confirmed that heterosis is the result of highly complex interactions within the genome as well as between the genome and the environment. In Serbia, some activity of domestic researchers regarding crossbreeding of sheep after the Second World War has been recorded up to date. It found out that crosses have a higher body weight than the maternal base in the F1 generation. In other words, they had better fattening capacity than purebreds. However, the results are not always in line with expectations due to the influence of various known and unknown factors. This review paper aims to draw attention to the phenomenon of heterosis through experience in its application in Serbia, in the hope that this biological phenomenon would clarify in the near future by applying modern scientific understandings and technologies.

The purpose of this paper is the analysis of the two most influential global policy initiatives in education reform - the OECD?s comparative study of students? educational achievements after compulsory education - PISA, and the Bologna process or the creation of a single European Higher Education Area. Although they relate to different levels of the education system, they have been initiated with the same aim of making education more effective in the context of the so-called knowledge societies. Apart from having appeared in about the same timeframe (the first cycle of the PISA survey was conducted in 2000 and the Bologna Declaration was adopted in 1999), both policy initiatives consider education in the context of the imperatives of economic rationality, competitiveness, and freedom to choose individual participants according to personal preferences. Undoubtedly, the OECD and the Bologna Process have altered the purpose and structure of education systems around the world in a relatively short time in accordance with the dominant neoliberal values and the perception of a man as homo economicus. The results of the initiated reforms are linked to the ?economization? of education policy and the ?pedagogisation? of economic policy, given the increased importance of the role of skills and the human capital agenda. Their key pedagogical implications can be described as reducing education to developing human capital and instrumentalizing education for non-pedagogical purposes.

Background/Aim. Quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (qHBsAg) has become increasingly widespread in the last few years in both diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for chronic HBV infection. Numerous studies have proposed it as a surrogate marker for covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Our study aimed to examine the correlation between qHBsAg and DNA HBV viremia in untreated patients. Methods. The study included 112 untreated patients diagnosed with chronic HBV infection. Demographic and other data from medical records and laboratory analyses taken as part of routine chronic HBV infection diagnosis with the determination of qHBsAg and DNA HBV viremia were recorded for all patients. Results. The average age of the patients included in the study was 48.27 ? 15.14 years. Males (58%) were more represented than females (42%). qHBsAg levels have a high-intensity positive correlation with DNA HBV viremia. The concentration of qHBsAg, DNA HBV viremia, and the concentrations of ALT and AST show statistically significantly higher values in HBeAg positive than in HBeAg negative patients. Conclusion. Our study showed that qHBsAg has a high-intensity positive correlation with DNA HBV viremia. The use of qHBsAg is important for determining the phase of chronic HBV infection, assessment of the success and length of treatment, as well as for safe discontinuation of antiviral therapy with lower risk of relapse.

Background/Aim. Previous studies showed that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was more common in patients with different comorbidities and those using medications that disrupt the homeostasis of vitamin B12. The aim of our study was to determine which of these factors are significantly associated with MCI, as well as which are the most significant risk factors for prediction of its occurrence. Methods. The data have been prospectively collected for 200 adults (males, females, 35-65 years old) in primary care settings enrolled in the clinical study with the case-control approach. Results. By applying the ?2 test for independency, we have determined that the MCIs and use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) (p

Some problems of modern analysis of the genome of domestic animals and the possibility of applying the results of the research in the selection have considered. Molecular genome analysis has progressed rapidly. Today, using modern DNA analysis, the domestic animals breeding value can be safely foreseen. Based on the scientist?s intuition of early-20th century, after half a century, genetic markers had discovered. Thus, the traditional selection method has integrated with molecular techniques of selection by applying marker-assisted selection (MAS). Microsatellites have attracted great attention from scientists because they are widespread in the genome and have a high level of polymorphism. Thousands of SNPs have discovered with their exact position in the genome. This very reliable method occurred for analyzing the genome which shows the change of only one nucleotide base into the DNA molecule. All modern achievements of molecular genetics have opened the way for practical application in the selection of all kinds of domestic animals. Today, a combination of molecular or genomic selection combined with a traditional is very reliable method for a faster, more accurate assessment of the breeding value of animals.

Background/Aim. Hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C occurs in about half of the cases. Its occurrence is influenced by factors of the host and viral factors and its importance lies in the fact that it reduces the success of antiviral therapy based on interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C and that, associated with other factors, exacerbates liver disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C and to determine the factors that affect its occurrence. Methods. The study included 123 patients with chronic hepatitis C with diagnosis of liver steatosis made by liver biopsy and histopathological examination according to which ? 5% of hepatocytes was affected by fatty change. Based on the presence of steatosis, the patients were divided into two groups: 43 patients with steatosis and 80 patients without steatosis. The influence of certain factors on the occurrence of steatosis was examined using standard statistical methods. Results. Liver steatosis was found in 34.96% of patients with chronic hepatitis C, and a majority of patients (76.74%) had mild steatosis. Of the examined predictive factors for the occurrence of steatosis, statistical significance in its occurrence was connected to elevated body mass index (BMI), genotype 3 hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV viremia. Conclusion. Hepatic steatosis often occurs in people with chronic hepatitis C, and most often it is mild. The occurrence of hepatic steatosis in our sample was most often affected by genotype 3 HCV and HCV viremia level. Hepatic steatosis can reduce the success of antiviral therapy based on interferon and negatively affect chronic liver disease course. Therefore, we need to recognize it, treat it and make it withdraw.

The Tuva Republic is one of the main sheep breeding centers in the Russian Federation. The Tuvan short-fat-tailed sheep is a unique local breed of the Tuva Republic. The studied breed has sheep of steppe type and mountain type. Each type of sheep was having formed according to relief of the ground and environment features. The breed originated in different parts from steppe and mountains. This study aim was to show the genetic polymorphism of calpastatin gene (CAST) in ram populations of two main breeding centers for tuvan short-fat-tailed sheep. Genomic DNA was isolated from 51 animals from Municipal unitary enterprise "Despen" (steppe type of sheep), and 100 animals from State unitary enterprise "Malchyn" (mountain type of sheep). Genomic DNA was extracted using the commercial kits. The detection was done using the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the polymerase chain reaction products (PCR-RFLPs). We used a pair of primers: F: 5’-TGGGGCC CAATGACGCCATCGATG-3’ and R: 5’-GGTGGAGCAGCACTTCTGATCACC-3’ to get 622 b.p. fragment of CAST gene. The PCR products are having digested with MspI restriction enzyme. Calpastatin locus digested with MspI has shown three genotypes: MM, MN and NN. The frequency of MM, MN and NN genotypes were 80.39%, 17.65% and 1.96% in steppe type of breed and 77.00%, 22.00% and 1.00% in the mountain type of breed. The highest allelic frequency was for allele M (0.89 in MUE "Despen" rams and 0.88 in SUE "Malchyn" rams). Allelic frequency of allele N had lower values of 0.11 in steppe type and 0.12 in mountain type.

Background/Aim. Chronic hepatitis C and liver steatosis often appear simultaneously in the same person, and steatosis can lead to worsening of liver disease and reducing the success of the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Treatment of one disease can influence and cause favorable impact on treatment of other diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of liver steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C and to examine the impact of steatosis of the liver and other predictors on the success of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Methods. The study included 123 patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with pegylated interferon alfa 2a in combination with ribavirin. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of cirrhosis: the group I consisted of 43 (34.9%) patients with steatosis and the group II consisted of 80 (65.1%) patients without liver steatosis. The success of the treatment was evaluated on the basis of the stable virological response. Results. The presence of steatosis was determined in 34.96% of the patients. The overall success of antiviral therapy was found in 74.79% of the patients. The success of antiviral therapy was present in 62.79% of the patients with hepatic steatosis, and in 81.25% the patients without steatosis (p < 0.05). The success of antiviral treatments was seen in 80.95% of the patients with hepatic steatosis and the genotype of hepatitis C virus 3. The predictors of antiviral therapy success for chronic hepatitis C in our study were patient's age, duration of infection, genotype 3, steatosis and severe fibrosis or cirrhosis. Conclusion. Liver steatosis is often present in patients with chronic hepatitis C. It has negative impact on the efficacy of antiviral therapy in patients with infection with genotype non-3 hepatitis C virus. Therefore, hepatic steatosis in these patients must be eliminated or treated prior to application of antiviral therapy.

Background/Aim. Data about effects of antidepressant on calcium, phosphorous and magnesium metabolisms are very scorce. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of antidepressants on serum concentration of bone metabolism markers and main electrolytes in patients from routine psychiatric practice. Methods. A prospective, before-and-after, time-series research included 9 males and 24 females, with average 53.3 ? 11.5 years-of-age, suffering from depression (n = 26) and neurotic disorders (n = 7), mostly taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. We measured analytes at baseline, and 4th, 6th and 12th weeks during the treatment and tested the parameter changes from baseline and the trends with appropriate statistics at p ? 0.05 significance level. Results. The age above 60 years was a significant factor for appearance of negative cumulative changes (in percent) of 25-hydroxyvitamin D ? 25(OH)D concentrations from the base-line (OR = 11.4, 95% CI 1.2?113.1, p = 0.037). Serum concentrations of calcium significantly correlated with sodium (rs = 0.531, p < 0.001), with chloride (r = 0.496, p < 0.001), with magnesium (rs = 0.402, p < 0.001) and with osteocalcin (r = 0.240, p = 0.019). Significant correlations were among phosphorous with chloride (r = -0.218, p = 0.035); magnesium with sodium (r = 0.295, p = 0.004) and with potassium, (r = 0.273, p = 0.009); osteocalcin with C-telopeptide (r = 0.760, p < 0.001) with sodium (r = 0.215, p = 0.039) and with chloride (r = 0.209, p = 0.041); sodium with chloride (r = 0.722, p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant changes between antidepressant treatment and changes of absolute serum concentration of calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, 25(OH)D, osteocalcin, C-telopeptide, sodium, potassium and chloride. There were no statistically significant changes in frequency of disturbances in values of laboratory analytes (below/above lower/upper normal limits), too. Conclusion. Antidepressant treatment was not significantly associated with the changes in study analytes but some of them positively correlated with each other, suggesting the need for individual patient approach and further research in the field of bone metabolism in patients with mental disorders.

Introduction. The end of 20th and beginning of 21st century is marked by the discovery of new, supercontagious and fast spreading viral diseases. Since 1967, more than 40 new agents have been identified, including human immunodeficiency virus, Ebola, Marburg fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome, hepatitis C, hepatitis E viruses and Zika virus. Modern lifestyle, availability and speed of air traffic, migrations, as well as climate changes, enable faster spreading of infectious diseases from the regions that were hardly reachable. We selected a few diseases that raised the greatest attention among experts and public in general. Ebola. Ebola virus raises anxiety due to high mortality and fast spreading by using inter-human contact. Zika virus. Zika virus, that most often causes mild symptoms, is potentially responsible for microcephaly in neonates. Dengue. Dengue virus is an ?old story?, but in last decades incidence has multiplied by 30. West Nile virus. Although discovered in 1937, West Nile virus has been found exclusively in rural parts of Africa, while nowadays it represents one of the most important etiological factors of viral meningo-encephalitis all over the world. Hepatitis E. Today it is well-known that hepatitis E virus can cause not only acute viral hepatitis but also potentially blood-transmitted chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised, as well as some neurological disorders. Conclusion. One of the scientific challenges in the future will certainly be the discovery of available and cost-effective diagnostic tests, as well as efficient and safe vaccines for these diseases. Up to now, efficient prophylaxis is available only for Denga virus.