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Today, cardiovascular diseases are the dominant diseases of animals, which most often lead to their death both in Ukraine and worldwide. Therefore, morphological studies of the heart at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels are essential in clinical cardiology for in vivo ultrasound diagnosis of functional and organic heart lesions. The aim of the study was to perform a histological and cytomorphometric assessment of the morphological structures of the sheep heart using macroscopic, histological, and morphometric methods. Using morphological methods, the hearts of sexually mature clinically healthy animals (n=5) belonging to the class Mammalia – Mammals, species Ovis aries L., 1758 – domestic sheep (ram) were studied. The absolute and relative heart weights of mature sheep were determined, which are, respectively, 208.4±9.82 g and 0.44±0.007%, and the weight without epicardial fat is 175.0±8.17 g. The heart of sheep, according to the development index (145.5±4.02%), belongs to the expanded-shortened anatomical type. The most developed components are the ventricles. At the same time, the ratio of the mass of the heart ventricles to its net mass is 1:0.78, respectively, the ratio of the mass of the atria is 1:0.22, and the ratio of the mass of the atrial myocardium to the mass of the ventricular myocardium is 1:0.29. The largest volume was found in the cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle – 3982.99±423.96 μm³, the smaller – in the right ventricle – 2463.02±318.04 μm³ and the smallest – in the atrial cardiomyocytes – 1215.93±176.94 μm³. The volumes of cardiomyocyte nuclei in the left (53.42±5.18 μm³), right (52.85±4.33 μm³) ventricles and atria (50.16±4.57 μm³) were almost identical. Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio was the lowest in cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle – 0.0136±0.0062, slightly higher in cardiomyocytes of the right ventricle – 0.0219±0.0079 and the highest – 0.0430±0.0096 in atrial cardiomyocytes. The obtained results on the macro- and microscopic structure of the heart of bighorn sheep (Ovis aries L., 1758) complement the information on the morphology of the sheep heart in the relevant sections of histology and comparative anatomy and are necessary for clinical cardiology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the animal body and its morphoarchitectonics is a priority area for the successful development of animal husbandry. The purpose of the study is to establish the macroscopic structure of the lungs and provide an organometric assessment of their morphological structures in domestic sexually mature animals. The study used 30 clinically healthy individuals of 6 animal species belonging to the class Mammalia -- Mammals. According to the results of the morphometry analysis of absolute and relative lung values in domestic mammals and their right and left lobes, a pronounced asymmetry was established, the coefficient of which corresponded to: in rabbits -- 1:1.30, in dogs -- 1:1.33, in sheep -- 1:1.37, in pigs -- 1:1.34, in cattle -- 1:1.37, in horses -- 1:1.2. For morphological assessment of typical lung features characteristic of a particular animal species, a morphological scale of marker features of the organ is proposed. According to the results of the study, it is proposed to classify the lungs of domestic mammals, considering the structure and shape, into 4 types: 1st -- expanded-shortened (lung development index (LDI) = 85-100%); 2nd --intermediate (LDI = 101--120%); 3rd -- moderately elongated (LDI = 121-130%); 4th -- elongated (LDI = 131-140%). Based on a detailed analysis of organometric studies, a scale for assessing marker features of the lung is proposed -- in rabbits (LDI = 90 ± 1.89%) assigned to the extended-shortened type, in cattle (LDI = 117 ± 2.21%) and sheep (LDI = 114 ± 2.08%) -- intermediate type, in horses (LDI = 127 ± 2.74%) -- moderately elongated type, in pigs (LDI = 136 ± 3.01%) and dogs (LDI = 137 ± 2.84%) -- elongated type. The obtained results of morphological studies of the lungs of the representatives of the mammalian class are of practical importance in biology and veterinary medicine since they are marker signs of their morphofunctional state and criteria for pathomorphological diagnosis of respiratory diseases [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lungs, which form part of the respiratory apparatus, provide gas exchange between the environment and the tissues of the human and animal body. Therefore, lung diseases are one of the most pressing issues for modern humane and veterinary medicine. This problem is caused by the progressive growth of diseases in mammals such as bronchial asthma, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, pneumonia, coronavirus infections, etc. Therefore, to effectively solve this issue in terms of prevention, effective treatment, and prompt differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases, an essential area in morphology is the study of the respiratory apparatus, namely the lungs, in clinically healthy animals, to develop marker test criteria that will serve as indicators of the norm in the differential diagnosis of these diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the macro- and microscopic structure of the lungs, conduct a morphometric assessment of their morphological structures in domestic sexually mature horses (class Mammals, species -- domestic horse (Equus ferus caballus L., 1758). The object of this study was the lungs of clinically healthy sexually mature horses (n = 5). Fresh lungs of the animals under study were subjected to anatomical preparation. For histological studies, generally accepted methods of fixing pieces of material and making histological sections were used, which were then stained with haematoxylin and eosin and according to Van Gieson's method. The basis of the lungs in horses are pyramidal or cone-shaped lobules. Part of the structure of the lobes are acini covered with a thin layer of connective tissue. The microscopic structure of acini is formed by alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. According to the results of research, the alveolar tree in horses is shortened and wide and has a bubble shape. The results of morphometric studies showed that the average volume of pulmonary alveoli in clinically healthy horses is 699.80 ± 106.42 thous. µm³. The respiratory part of the lungs in horses occupies 54.8 ± 7.4% of the total area of the lung parenchyma, the connective tissue base -- 45.2 ± 7.4%. Such studies of morphological features and morphometric parameters of equine lungs are of practical importance in veterinary medicine since they are markers and criteria for pathomorphological diagnosis of diseases associated with the respiratory system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]