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The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic of the twenty-first century and currently fourth wave is creating fear and panic worldwide. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), a highly contagious viral infection of humans. The COVID-19 can be spread mainly through respiratory droplet particles and in contact with a COVID-19 infected person. Clinical manifestation of COVID-19 patients includes cough, fever, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell. In critical cases of COVID-19, the development of pneumonia and dyspnea leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome that may cause the death of the patient. It is well established that Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on alveolar cells act as an entry gate for the SARS-COV-2. However, ACE2 is also highly expressed in multiple extrapulmonary vital organs such as the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, kidney, etc. Therefore, the direct viral entry in these organs can be a likely pathway of injury. In addition, decoupling of immune responses leads to the cytokines storm, which might contribute to the injury of extrapulmonary organs. In this review, we report the multiple organ pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients, which could aid clinicians and researchers in prioritizing therapeutics remedies and developing research for all vital body systems involved.

Epidermal growth factor-like domain-8 (EGFL8) also known as vascular endothelial statin-2 (VE-statin-2). It was identified by using retroviral gene entrapment vectors, expressed in endothelial cells. It is located on chromosome6inhumansandchromosome17inthemouse. EGFL8codesaproteinof293aminoacidswithan amino-terminal signal peptide and has two EGF-like domains. EGFL8 plays a very important regulatory role in thymopoiesis, cell migration and invasion through the modulation of Notch signaling. Although the signaling regulatory factors of EGFL8 need to be explored but recent scientific advances have revealed some important aspect of its regulation. This review summarizes the current knowledge about all aspects of EGFL8 since its discovery.

Objective: To introduce a novel technique for extracting fish collagen peptides from fish waste. It could be a cheap and safe technique for obtaining peptides of fish as well as reducing the fish waste environmental load. Study Design: A comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from August 2020 to July 2022. Methods: For the extraction of the fish collagen peptides, lactobacillus bacteria fermentation was being performed, in which the bacteria from yogurt and dough were added to fish samples and incubated for one month at 30°C. Lactobacillus bacteria were diluted with serial dilution for colonies isolation and biochemical characterization. Fish waste was cut in small pieces and put in a bottle containing distilled water and lactobacillus bacteria species and kept at 30°C for one month. The Hestrin–Schramm media (HS) was added in small amount as a starter for initial growth of bacteria. The pH was analyzed after every 7 days and 5–10 ml sample was collected from each labelled flask. The collected samples were precipitated using Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and analyzed on SDS-PAGE. Results: Gel analysis revealed different size of fish collagen with higher concentration include the pattern for α1 and α2 chains with a molecular weight of 145 kDa and 132 kDa, respectively. The biological activity of extracted fish collagen was determined by using HaCaT cells proliferation analysis. Conclusion: The current study concluded that fish waste could be converted to biofunctional collagen using nonpathogenic strains of lactobacillus bacteria for various biomedical applications. How to cite this: Khan S, Tauseef I, Ikram M, Rauf S, Saeed RF, Sadiqi S, Lone NA, Ali L, Subhan F. Extraction of Fish Collagen Peptides from Fish Waste Through Fermentation Using Lactobacillus Bacteria. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 365-371. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.423