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Abstract Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the earliest cultivated crops and includes five domesticated species, C. annuum var. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum var. pendulum and C. pubescens. Here, we report a pepper graph pan-genome and a genome variation map of 500 accessions from the five domesticated Capsicum species and close wild relatives. We identify highly differentiated genomic regions among the domesticated peppers that underlie their natural variations in flowering time, characteristic flavors, and unique resistances to biotic and abiotic stresses. Domestication sweeps detected in C. annuum var. annuum and C. baccatum var. pendulum are mostly different, and the common domestication traits, including fruit size, shape and pungency, are achieved mainly through the selection of distinct genomic regions between these two cultivated species. Introgressions from C. baccatum into C. chinense and C. frutescens are detected, including those providing genetic sources for various biotic and abiotic stress tolerances.

Abstract Proximity barcoding assay, a high-throughput method for single-exosome analysis, was employed to profile surface proteins on individual exosomes of SCZ patients. This analysis identified five differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between SCZ patients and healthy controls (HC) and six DEPs between antipsychotic responders and non-responders. Furthermore, two exosome clusters were found to be associated with SCZ, and certain DEPs were correlated with cognitive functions.