Search

Abstract The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of new viral variants bearing specific escape mutations responsible for immune evasion from antibody neutralisation has required a more accurate characterisation of the immune response as one of the evolutive forces behind viral adaptation to a largely immunised human population. In this work, culturing in the presence of neutralising sera vigorously promoted mutagenesis leading to the acquisition of known escape mutations on the spike as well as new presumptive escape mutations on structural proteins whose role as target of the neutralizing antibody response might have been thus far widely neglected. From this perspective, this study, in addition to tracing the past evolution of the species back to interactions with neutralising antibody immune response, also offers a glimpse into future evolutive scenarios.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of tests for assessing antibody titer, such as for determining vaccine efficacy. Here, a fast-operating organic electrochemical transistor is shown to assess the cytopathic effect caused by the SARS CoV-2 virus on Vero E6 cells in real-time.