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Abstract Functional assessment is a key element in evaluating adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients. The multitude of 3D kinematic parameters provided by movement analysis can be confusing for spine surgeons. The aim was to investigate movement patterns of ASD based on key kinematic parameters. 115 primary ASD and 36 controls underwent biplanar radiographs and 3D movement analysis during walking, sit-to-stand and stair ascent to calculate joint and segment kinematics. Principal component analysis was applied to identify the most relevant kinematic parameters that define movement strategies adopted by ASD. Pelvis and head relative to pelvis kinematics were the most relevant parameters. ASD patients adopted four different movement strategies. Class 1: normative head and pelvis kinematics. Class 2: persistent pelvic backward tilt. Class 3: persistent forward shift of the head. Class 4: both pelvic backward tilt and forward shift of the head. Patients in class 3 and 4 presented sagittal malalignment on static radiographs with increased pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch and sagittal vertical axis. Surprisingly, patients in class 3 had normal pelvic kinematics during movement, showing the importance of functional evaluation. In addition to being key segments in maintaining static global posture, head and pelvis were found to define movement patterns.

In this study, the authors monitor a hydrothermal fluid surge through seismic anisotropy changes at the Hakone volcanic field, Japan. The authors find the anisotropy changes to be set off by the seismic waves of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, that reactivated the hydrothermal system.