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INTRODUCTION The main functions of the stomach are to receive and accommodate food, break it down chemically and mechanically and deliver the digesta to the small intestine. This process is [...], BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Intake of food or fluid distends the stomach and triggers mechanoreceptors and vagal afferents. Wall stretch and tension produces a feeling of fullness. Duodenal infusion studies assessing gastric sensitivity by barostat have shown that the products of fat digestion have a greater effect on the sensation of fullness and also dyspeptic symptoms than carbohydrates. We tested here the hypothesis that fat and carbohydrate have different effects on gastric sensation under physiological conditions using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure gastric volumes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Thirteen healthy subjects received a rice pudding test meal with added fat or added carbohydrate on two separate occasions and underwent serial postprandial MRI scans for 4.5 h. Fullness was assessed on a 100-mm visual analogue scale. RESULTS: Gastric half emptying time was significantly slower for the high-carbohydrate meal than for the high-fat meal, P = 0.0327. Fullness significantly correlated with gastric volumes for both meals; however, the change from baseline in fullness scores was higher for the high-fat meal for any given change in stomach volume (P = 0.0147), despite the lower energy content and faster gastric emptying of the high-fat meal. CONCLUSIONS: Total gastric volume correlates positively and linearly with postprandial fullness and ingestion of a high-fat meal increases this sensation compared with high-carbohydrate meal. These findings can be of clinical interest in patients presenting with postprandial dyspepsia whereby manipulating gastric sensitivity by dietary intervention may help to control digestive sensations. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2015) 69, 380-384; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.194; published online 17 September 2014

The bacteria that inhabit the rodent gut promote insulin secretion and food intake by activating the parasympathetic nervous system--a hitherto unknown mode of action for this multifaceted microbiota. See Article [...]

INTRODUCTION A number of studies have identified an inflammatory response in the postprandial period. (1-5) Similarly, markers of oxidative stress are elevated following glucose, (2,4,5) fat (4,6) and mixed-meal challenge. [...], BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Recent work suggests that macronutrients are pro- inflammatory and promote oxidative stress. Reports of postprandial regulation of total adiponectin have been mixed, and there is limited information regarding postprandial changes in high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a standardised high-fat meal on metabolic variables, adiponectin (total and HMW), and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in: (i) lean, (ii) obese non-diabetic and (iii) men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Male subjects: lean (n = 10), obese (n = 10) and T2DM (n = 10) were studied for 6 h following both a high-fat meal and water control. Metabolic variables (glucose, insulin, triglycerides), inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 (IL6), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), nuclear factor (NF)kB expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p65)), indicators of oxidative stress (oxidised low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), protein carbonyl) and adiponectin (total and HMW) were measured. RESULTS: No significant changes in TNFα, p65, oxLDL or protein carbonyl concentrations were observed. Overall, postprandial IL6 decreased in subjects with T2DM but increased in lean subjects, whereas hsCRP decreased in the lean cohort and increased in obese subjects. There was no overall postprandial change in total or HMW adiponectin in any group. Total adiponectin concentrations changed over time following the water control, and the response was significantly different in lean subjects compared with subjects with T2DM (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: No consistent significant postprandial inflammation, oxidative stress or regulation of adiponectin was observed in this study. Findings from the water control suggest differential basal regulation of total adiponectin in T2DM compared with lean controls. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2013) 67, 377- 384; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.49; published online 6 March 2013 Keywords: postprandial dysmetabolism; inflammation; oxidative stress; adiponectin; obesity; type 2 diabetes