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Spatial information plays a significant role in addressing many decision making process including the catchment decisions. Spatial data sharing is recognized as one of the important components in spatial data infrastructure design and development. This research develops spatial data sharing strategies for the implementation of improved spatial data sharing arrangements between catchment management authorities (CMAs) and state government organizations in Australia. A mixed method research approach was utilized to collect both quantitative and qualitative data from 56 CMAs and the embedded design framework was used for the synthesis and interpretation of the results. The national survey data and case study data were collected and analyzed sequentially using the mixed method design framework. Within, the case study, social network analysis was introduced for analyzing data sharing and provides a new perspective on assessing spatial data sharing relationship. The supplemental case study analysis embedded within a larger national survey provided a supportive role and enhanced the findings from the national survey. The key factors which influence spatial data sharing between state government organizations and CMAs were identified and classified into six major classes as governance, economic, policy, legal, cultural and technical. The nontechnical factors (governance, policy, economic, legal and cultural) were found to be more significant in comparison with the technical factor. Based on these findings, fourteen data sharing strategies were developed. The study suggests that the adoption and implementation of these strategies can assist in overcoming the spatial data sharing issues and hence will contribute to improved spatial data sharing arrangements between regional CMAs and state government organizations in Australia.

The political objective of Nepal is poverty reduction and sustainable development. The sustainable land administration and management is a tool to achieve the political objectives. From an institutional perspective, land administration and management includes the formulation of land policy, the legal framework, resource management, land administration arrangements, and land information management. In Nepal, The draft of National Land Policy document has been formulated and it is under discussion at ministerial level. One of the recommendations on that National Land Policy document is the formulation of National Surveying and Mapping Policy. It is realized that the time has come to formulate the "National Surveying and Mapping Policy" based on the proposed National Land Policy document in keeping abreast of development and changes in the global technological environment. In this paper, an attempt has made to prepare National Surveying and Mapping Policy in Nepal. The main issues and challenges are also raised on this paper to formulate the National Surveying and Mapping Policy in Nepal. This paper starts with Background and describes the background for developing this policy document. It then describes about Survey Department activities. It then elaborates the policy on Surveying and Mapping in Nepal with policy on Geodetic Surveys and Space Science, Topographic Survey and Geographical Information Infrastructure, Cadastral Survey and Land Information, Research & Development, Resource, Administration. Finally, it concludes with some concluding remarks.

In Nepal, the value and price of land in urban areas is very high. Due to the scale constraint, the cadastral maps prepared by graphical cadastral surveying method does not satisfy the land owners as they are asking for the accuracy of centimeter of land in the front face of their land parcel. The land owners are also asking for the recording and documentation of 3D real estate objects. Considering these facts, Cadastral Survey Branch under Survey Department has initiated digital cadastre program focusing on the urban land areas. Last year, the piloting of this program has been successfully completed to prepare digital cadastral database in ward number six of Banepa Municipality, Nepal. After the success of digital cadastral mapping, the programme has been continued and some observations are made. Some lessons have been learned from this programme for the cadastral information system (CIS) development in Nepal. There are various ways to evaluate the cadastral projects. In this paper an attempt has been done to evaluate the digital cadastre programme from Cadastre 2014 perspectives.

The history of land recording system is very old in Nepal. Though, the administration of land was mentioned in ancient history, it became institutionalized since Lichhabi era. There was the provision of village panchali for the administration and management of land at village level. Many improvements like classification of lands, specification for land measurements, provision measurement units (as hale, pate, kute, kodale etc.), development of special profession for land survey and measurement (Dangol), land adjudication and boundary description of land etc. were made during Malla era. Later, the cadastral maps were also realized as an important component for land administration. The chain survey method was introduced to prepare cadastral maps. Systemic Cadastral Survey was started after the land reform programme in 2021 B.S. In the beginning, the cadastral survey was done in free sheet connecting with local points. 38 out of 75 districts were surveyed on local base point where as 37 districts were surveyed with the control points connected to the National geodetic network. The primary focus of cadastral surveying was fiscal purpose to generate revenue from land tax. Later, the legal cadastre system was developed as it provides more land tenure security to the land owners. Now the concept of multi-purpose cadastre is emerging. There are nine Survey Goswaras & a Survey office under Cadastral Survey Branch for cadastral surveying of different districts. Digital technology has been introduced for re-cadastral mapping from 2062 B.S. in Banepa Municipality.In this paper an attempt has made to review the cadastral system of Nepal from historical perspectives. This paper starts with introduction and describes about the historical context of land recording and cadastral surveying in Nepal. It then elaborates the institutions involved for the cadastral surveying in Nepal. The future vision of cadastral system is also described in this paper. Finally, it concludes with some concluding remarks.

The history of cadastre prevails that the records of land are kept in a text form as a basis to collect revenue and could be refer to one dimension cadastre. His Majesty's Government (HMG) of Nepal declared to launch Land Reform Program on 1964 AD. The main purpose of the program was to impose ceiling on land holding. For this purpose, it was necessary to determine the area of land hold by a land owner. In this way, the concept of two dimension cadastre was realized and the land registration was started with the help two dimension cadastral maps.As the population in urban area is ever growing and the land is fixed, the use of space under and above the surface seems to be one of the solutions to address the issue. So, there is a need of registration of vertical dimension of the legal status of real estate objects. The 3D information is becoming essential for land administration in Nepal. HMG of Nepal has adopted a policy to build apartments and joint residential building in urban area for optimal use of available space. Although, some juridical measures exist to address registration of vertical dimension of legal status of real estate objects in the available act, a lot of institutional and technical problems are facing for registration of apartment and room in a multi storey building in Nepal. Therefore, it is necessary to make a good institutional arrangement and develop a system to visualize 3D cadastre to link with cadastral maps and related land records.This paper first investigates the 3D cases practices in Nepal. There are more than eight such issues to be considered for the implementation of 3D cadastre. It then further elaborates about the three aspects; institutional, technical and legal to be considered for the 3D cadastre in Nepal. A low cost solution for the 3D mapping of the apartment or multistory building has investigated. The findings of this research will help the policy makers for the effective implementation of 3D cadastre in Nepal.

In Nepal due to the increased need of agricultural based economical activities and rural to urban transactions process there is a need of reliable and ready access to cadastral information. The Ministry of Land Reform and Management (MoLRM) has targeted to develop nationwide LIS for updating and dissemination of reliable and accurate land information. A LIS consists of two databases an administrative/legal system i.e. attribute data and a digital cadastral map i.e. spatial data containing the ownership, value and use of land. The Department of Land Information and Archive (DoLIA) has started developing district wise LIS. This approach needs much more resources in comparison to the centralized LIS. From financial perspective the updating of cadastral information is much more expensive than the land registry information. So, there is a need of determination of appropriate ‘‘Activity Model’’ for cadastral information updating process.This research paper provides an approach for determination of appropriate ‘Activity Model’ for cadastral information updating in Nepal. The Principal - Agent (PA) theory approach has been used for the determination of appropriate ‘Activity Model’. Six different options according to the P-A relationships were evaluated with twenty institutional and technical parameters and found that CC (central authority and central activity) is optimal for cadastral information updating procedure. Eight different processes for the cadastral information updating are identified and modeled them using object oriented modeling techniques with UML activity diagram. Two ways of verification has been used to test the model. The model is conceptually tested developing use cases with the help of activity diagram. The feasibility of the model is tested using Arc cadastre software with the direct link to geodatabase.

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