Search

Researchers at Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital conducted a study on the neuroprotective potential of ethoxzolamide (ETZ) in experimental models of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The study found that ETZ, a novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, activated the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, leading to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and cerebral neuroprotective effects in ICH mice. The research was supported by the Shanghai Minhang District Health Commission Project and was published in Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine conducted a case study on the success of using topiramate to slow the progression of Blount's disease in a toddler with severe obesity. The study found that topiramate helped achieve weight neutrality, improved the patient's body mass index, and appeared to halt the progression of Blount's disease, avoiding the need for surgical treatment. The research suggests that topiramate can be an effective and well-tolerated medication for young patients in need of weight intervention. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Iran compared the cost-effectiveness of Erenumab and Topiramate for migraine treatment in Iran. The research found that Erenumab was not cost-effective compared to Topiramate based on current prices, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio significantly higher than the Iranian willingness-to-pay threshold. The study suggests that for Erenumab to be considered cost-effective in Iran, a significant price reduction is necessary for its entry into the pharmaceutical market. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Sao Paulo explored the efficacy of acetazolamide as adjunct therapy in improving fluid management in patients with acute congestive heart failure. The meta-analysis included three randomized clinical trials with a total of 596 patients, showing that acetazolamide adjunctive therapy led to an increase in natriuresis at day 2. The findings suggest that acetazolamide may have potential benefits in improving fluid management and enhancing clinical outcomes in patients with acute congestive heart failure, although further research is needed to validate these results and explore long-term effects. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Boston Children's Hospital conducted a retrospective study on the efficacy of topiramate in treating pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) in children. The study included 46 patients under 21 years old, with results showing that topiramate can effectively treat PTCS in children with mild to moderate papilledema or those unable to tolerate acetazolamide. The most common side effect reported was cognitive slowing, and further research is needed to assess the efficacy of topiramate for higher grade papilledema. Financial support for the research came from the Children's Hospital Ophthalmology Foundation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Boston University evaluated the efficacy of the anticonvulsant medication Zonisamide in treating alcohol use disorder (AUD). The study involved 81 adults diagnosed with AUD who were randomly assigned to receive either Zonisamide or a placebo over 12 weeks. The results showed that Zonisamide combined with a computerized alcohol reduction program did not demonstrate superior effectiveness in reducing alcohol consumption compared to the placebo group, and participants in the Zonisamide group showed poorer neurocognitive performance over time. The study was supported by the NIH National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, explored the use of acetazolamide as a therapeutic alternative for central sleep apnea in pediatric patients with an FBXO28 gene mutation. The research found that acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, may help stabilize respiratory disturbances by enhancing ventilatory drive in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes. The study highlighted the potential benefits of acetazolamide in improving the quality of life for pediatric patients with central sleep apnea, while emphasizing the need for further research to establish standardized treatment protocols and ensure long-term safety. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of a fixed combination of dorzolamide and timolol in treating patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. The multicenter study involved 156 patients with different types of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The results showed a significant reduction in intraocular pressure in all groups of patients, indicating the high effectiveness of the drug Domizia Duo in treating primary open-angle glaucoma. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Iowa Health Care focused on understanding neurodegeneration in patients with non-proliferative macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel). The research found that patients with MacTel experience progressive inner retinal neurodegeneration, similar to those with diabetes but without diabetic retinopathy. The study highlighted the need for further research to comprehend the implications of retinal thinning in MacTel patients. This peer-reviewed research provides valuable insights into the understanding of neurodegeneration in individuals with MacTel. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Army Medical University in Chongqing, China, explored the efficacy of ibuprofen, acetazolamide, and methazolamide in preventing acute mountain sickness (AMS) among mountaineers. The research involved 137 participants divided into six groups, with acetazolamide showing significant prophylactic effects on AMS symptoms and ibuprofen being most effective in preventing headaches. The study concluded that ibuprofen combined with methazolamide was less effective than ibuprofen alone in preventing AMS. This peer-reviewed research provides valuable insights for the future development of drugs to prevent AMS. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Hospitals for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, explored the potential of combining histone deacetylase (HDAC) and carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) inhibitors in treating Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG). The research found that the combination of SLC-0111 and pyroxamide effectively inhibited DIPG cell proliferation, reduced cell migration and invasion potential, and enhanced histone acetylation. The study concluded that this combination therapy shows promise for treating experimental DIPG, warranting further investigation in preclinical models to evaluate its potential as a viable treatment option. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report discusses research conducted at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China, on the use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology to treat glaucoma. The study focused on the carbonic anhydrase 2 (Car2) gene, which plays a role in intraocular pressure regulation. By disrupting the Car2 gene in the ciliary body, the researchers were able to significantly reduce intraocular pressure and delay glaucomatous damage in mouse models. The researchers suggest that this approach could be a promising therapeutic strategy for glaucoma patients. [Extracted from the article]

A report from the Royal Adelaide Hospital in Australia discusses nonsurgical treatment options for macular holes, which are retinal defects that affect central vision. The study conducted a comprehensive literature review and found that treatments such as laser therapy, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, intravitreal gas, and ocriplasmin injections showed potential for conservative therapy. However, evidence is limited to support routine use of these nonsurgical approaches, and the gold standard treatment for full-thickness macular holes remains vitrectomy with inner limiting membrane peel. The research suggests that stage 1 and traumatic macular holes may benefit from a short period of observation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in Chhattisgarh, India, explores a new strategy for the treatment of acute heart failure (AHF). The study suggests that combining acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with loop diuretics can enhance the efficacy of diuretics and reduce the signs and symptoms of congestion. This combination therapy may be a more effective decongestive strategy for AHF patients, although further research is needed to confirm its use. The study highlights the potential benefits of sequential nephron blockade with acetazolamide in preventing diuretic resistance. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the design of novel pre-drug compounds that can covalently modify a specific protein called carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). CAIX is highly overexpressed in hypoxic solid tumors and plays a role in cancer cell survival and proliferation. The designed compounds have high affinity for CAIX and can irreversibly inactivate the protein through covalent modification. The lead inhibitors reached a high affinity for CAIX and this strategy could potentially be used for other disease drug target proteins. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Florence proposes a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. The study suggests combining the antitumor effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with the inhibition of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) to effectively suppress cancer cell growth. The researchers found that H2S, when combined with CA inhibitors, inhibits target CAs, releases H2S consistently, and exhibits potent antitumor effects against various cancer cell lines. These findings suggest that H2S releaser-CA inhibitor hybrids could be effective tools in cancer treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Rouen Normandie has revealed new findings on chemistry. The study focuses on the combination of photochemistry and kinetic target-guided synthesis (KTGS) to rapidly identify enzyme inhibitors. The researchers demonstrate that integrating photochemistry into KTGS can accelerate the ligation reaction between fragments, expanding the reactivity window and potentially leading to the development of novel photo-KTGS reactions. This research has implications for fragment-based drug discovery and the development of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. [Extracted from the article]

A study from Uttar Pradesh, India, discusses the case of a patient with migraine who experienced bilateral acute angle closure with anterior uveitis and myopic shift as a result of topiramate (TPM) therapy. TPM is a commonly used medication by physicians and psychiatrists. The study highlights the challenges in managing this potentially sight-threatening condition and the initial misdiagnosis of bilateral angle closure glaucoma. The research emphasizes the need for awareness of TPM-induced ocular adverse reactions and the importance of proper management. [Extracted from the article]

The article investigates new advancements in photodynamic therapy (PDT) using carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for treating hypoxic tumors. Topics discussed include the development of ruthenium and osmium-based photosensitizers that selectively target cancer cells overexpressing carbonic anhydrases, their effectiveness in killing cancer cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and their potential to improve PDT selectivity and minimize side effects.

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the importance of understanding the pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) before symptoms arise. The study focuses on capillary flow disturbances in presymptomatic AD and the potential of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) to prevent these disturbances. The researchers found that presymptomatic mice showed capillary flow disturbances, but treatment with CAIs improved oxygen availability and reduced Aβ load. These findings highlight the significance of capillary flow disturbances in early AD and suggest that CAIs may help preserve vascular integrity. Please note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara in Italy has investigated the potential of azobenzenesulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as new treatments for Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric carcinoma. The researchers designed, synthesized, and tested two series of azobenzenesulfonamides against human and bacterial carbonic anhydrases to evaluate their inhibitory activity. The best compounds from the study showed promising anti-H. pylori activity and low toxicity, suggesting that they could be a starting point for the development of new anti-H. pylori agents. Further information on the study can be found in the journal article "Azobenzenesulfonamide Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as New Weapons to Fight Helicobacter pylori: Synthesis, Bioactivity Evaluation, In Vivo Toxicity, and Computational Studies." [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Guilin Medical University in China has discovered a novel series of compounds that show potential as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) and inducers of ferroptosis for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The representative compound, 9o, demonstrated strong inhibitory activity against CA IX and selective targeting of TNBC cells. In addition, compound 9o exhibited antitumor effects in vivo, inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis in a murine breast cancer model. These findings suggest that compound 9o could be a promising candidate for the treatment of TNBC. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Cagliari in Italy has focused on the development of selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for the treatment of advanced-stage cancers. The researchers designed and synthesized a new series of isatin thiazolidinone hybrids and investigated their biological activity and selectivity towards specific carbonic anhydrase isoforms. The results showed promising inhibitory activity on carbonic anhydrases IX and XII, with the nature of substitution in certain positions of the thiazolidinone being crucial for selectivity. Docking experiments were also conducted to predict the binding mode of these derivatives. This research has been peer-reviewed and may provide valuable insights for the development of chemotherapeutic agents. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Shanxi University in Taiyuan, China have developed a hypoxia-activated near-infrared fluorescent probe called Az-Fu-Cy, which can be used for tumor imaging and fluorescence-guided surgical resection. The probe is able to produce near-infrared fluorescence in response to overexpressed nitroreductase in hypoxic tumors, allowing for accurate guidance during surgical resection. This research offers a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer and has received funding from various sources including the National Natural Science Foundation of China. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Pecs in Hungary have conducted a study on the effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor anticonvulsants on chronic orofacial pain. The study used a rat model of orofacial inflammatory allodynia and tested the effects of topiramate and sumatriptan, two commonly used drugs. The results showed that topiramate was able to reverse the allodynia, suggesting its potential as a treatment option for orofacial pain disorders. This study provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of orofacial pain and opens up possibilities for repurposing topiramate as a therapeutic agent. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Gause Institute of New Antibiotics in Moscow, Russia, have synthesized and evaluated a series of sulfonamide-derived quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases (CA) with antiproliferative potency. The compounds demonstrated good inhibitory activity against four CA isoforms and exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines. The study suggests that these lead sulfonamides have potential for further development as chemotherapeutic agents targeting carbonic anhydrases. The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of acetazolamide as an adjunctive treatment following barbed reposition pharyngoplasty (BRP) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Topics include the impact of acetazolamide on apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) reduction, the comparison of acetazolamide versus placebo in improving surgical outcomes, and the overall benefit of acetazolamide in addressing both anatomical and non-anatomical factors of OSA.

This article discusses the development of targeted anticancer pre-vinylsulfone covalent inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). The researchers designed novel compounds that can covalently modify a specific residue in the active site of CAIX, which is highly overexpressed in hypoxic solid tumors. These compounds possess high initial affinity and selectivity for CAIX, followed by complete irreversible inactivation of the protein. The lead inhibitors achieved a high affinity of 2 pM, making them the most potent CAIX inhibitors known. This strategy could potentially be applied to other disease drug target proteins with a similar active site structure. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Iran University of Medical Sciences has found that topical dorzolamide therapy may be beneficial in cases of severe foveal cavitation caused by tamoxifen toxicity. The study involved a 45-year-old female patient who experienced bilateral tamoxifen maculopathy. After discontinuing tamoxifen therapy and using topical acetazolamide drops, the patient's foveal cavitation significantly improved, with near resolution of the macular hole. The researchers concluded that a short course of topical dorzolamide drop therapy may be effective in treating severe foveal cavitation due to tamoxifen toxicity. [Extracted from the article]

A clinical trial, NCT06521476, is being conducted to investigate the effects of acetazolamide on central sleep apnea (CSA) in individuals with opioid use disorder. The trial will randomly assign participants to receive either acetazolamide or a placebo for 7 days. The study aims to determine if acetazolamide can improve CSA and if this improvement leads to physiological changes that may reduce drug craving. Various measures, including breathing during sleep, sleep quality, anxiety, cognition, and drug craving, will be assessed. The trial is sponsored by the University of Pittsburgh and is being conducted in the United States, with collaboration from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from the Medical Research Center has found that methazolamide (MTZ), a drug used to treat glaucoma, may also be effective in treating atherosclerosis (AS). The study used a routine AS animal model and found that MTZ increased the proportions of immunosuppressive cells and decreased the expressions of genes related to inflammation, calcification, and tissue remodeling. These findings suggest that MTZ could be a potential treatment for AS by targeting these specific cellular and genetic factors. Further research is needed to explore the therapeutic potential of MTZ in human patients. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg in Germany have conducted a study on medicinal chemistry, specifically focusing on the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase II by amino acid derived sulfamates. The researchers found that the absolute configuration of these sulfamates plays a crucial role in their inhibitory effects. For example, a sulfamate derived from (S)-tryptophan was not an inhibitor, while its (R) configurated enantiomer was an excellent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase II. The study provides insights into the stereochemistry of these compounds and their potential applications in drug development. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from University Hospital Zurich in Switzerland discusses the use of acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, in the treatment of pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). The study involved 28 PVD patients who were randomized to receive either acetazolamide or a placebo for a period of 5 weeks. The primary endpoint of the study was the change in 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) at 5 weeks. The results showed that acetazolamide did not have a significant effect on 6MWD compared to the placebo, although it did improve arterial blood oxygenation. The study concluded that acetazolamide may not be effective in improving exercise capacity in patients with PVD at the dosage used in the study. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the University of Florence in Italy focuses on multidrug resistance in cancer cells. The researchers synthesized a new series of piperazine derivatives with the goal of developing dual inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and carbonic anhydrase XII (hCA XII) to overcome multidrug resistance. The compounds showed inhibitory activity on both proteins individually and demonstrated a synergistic effect in cancer cells that overexpressed both proteins. Compound 33 was found to be the most promising in reversing multidrug resistance. The study provides valuable insights into potential strategies for overcoming drug resistance in cancer treatment. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides information about a clinical trial that is currently recruiting participants. The trial aims to study the effects of acetazolamide, a medication used to treat certain conditions, on individuals ascending to high altitudes. The trial involves administering either acetazolamide or a placebo to participants before and during their ascent to 3600 meters. The trial is open to healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 44. The study is being conducted in Kyrgyzstan and is expected to be completed by December 31, 2025. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides information about a clinical study that is currently recruiting participants. The study aims to investigate the effects of acetazolamide, a medication used to treat certain conditions, on individuals ascending to high altitudes. The study will involve healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 44. The recruitment status is ongoing, and the study is expected to be completed by December 31, 2025. The study is being conducted in Kyrgyzstan and is led by researchers from the University of Zurich. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Guilan in Rasht, Iran have published a study on the synthesis of acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used in the treatment of various medical conditions. The researchers aimed to improve the safety, environmental conditions, and efficiency of the oxidation process involved in the synthesis. By substituting chlorine gas for sodium hypochlorite, they were able to produce several novel compounds with high purity. These compounds showed significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity, suggesting their potential as valuable agents in medical and industrial applications. Future research will focus on optimizing these compounds for clinical use and exploring their applications in other therapeutic areas. [Extracted from the article]

A report from the Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences in India discusses the advancements in antiglaucoma medications. Glaucoma is a common ocular condition that can have permanent effects on vision health. The report emphasizes the importance of effective medications in treating this illness, particularly in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). The report provides an in-depth analysis of different drug classes used in glaucoma treatment, including beta-blockers, prostaglandin analogs, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and rho kinase inhibitors, examining their mode of action, clinical effectiveness, and safety. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, Poland have developed a method for determining the levels of topiramate (TPM) in human plasma, saliva, and hair using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. This method can be used to monitor drug levels and assess long-term compliance in patients with epilepsy. The researchers found that the LC/MS/MS method was accurate and precise, and successfully applied it to determine TPM levels in patients with epilepsy. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in New Delhi aimed to evaluate the effect of topical brinzolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, on visual function and waveforms in patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS). The study involved a total of 29 cases, and the results showed a significant improvement in INS waveform characteristics, mean nystagmus acuity function (NAFX) score, and mean binocular visual acuity with topical brinzolamide compared to baseline and placebo. However, the researchers concluded that further evidence is needed to determine the clinical significance of brinzolamide in treating INS. The study was published in the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by the University of Copenhagen in Denmark examined the effects of acetazolamide and topiramate, two drugs commonly used to treat idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), on the endocrine system in female rats. The researchers found that topiramate increased estradiol levels and decreased DHEA levels in the lateral choroid plexus, while acetazolamide decreased progesterone levels in serum and uterine fundus and increased corticosteroid levels in the adrenal glands. These findings suggest that both drugs have endocrine-disrupting effects in rats, although further research is needed to determine if similar effects occur in humans. The study was supported by Lundbeckfonden and published in Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Queen's University in Kingston, Canada, examined the long-term evolution of first-line glaucoma therapy (FLGT) initiated by ophthalmologists and optometrists. The study analyzed data from 194,759 Ontario residents aged 66 or older who received FLGT between 2007 and 2018. The findings revealed that while ophthalmologists continue to provide the majority of FLGT, optometrists are increasingly contributing to the treatment following the introduction of glaucoma medication prescribing privileges. Laser trabeculoplasty (LT) has become the most common FLGT for older Ontario residents, surpassing medication use. Prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) remain the most frequently prescribed glaucoma medication. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center has found that the weight loss medication phentermine/topiramate (Qsymia) may be effective in dissolving uric acid kidney stones. The study focused on an obese female patient whose uric acid stones were eliminated using this medication, which acts as a metabolic stimulant and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. The research suggests that further investigation is needed to explore the potential of this medication for obese or diabetic individuals with uric acid stone formation. The study was published in Urology Case Reports. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Sodra Alvsborgs Hospital in Boras, Sweden, has found that the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor sulthiame can reduce the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), improve overnight oxygenation, and enhance sleep quality. The study aimed to investigate how sulthiame treatment modifies endotypic traits in OSA. The results showed that sulthiame consistently reduced loop gain and increased ventilation, suggesting that it may reduce ventilatory instability and upper airway collapsibility in OSA. This research provides valuable insights into the effects of carbonic anhydrases in respiratory regulation and the potential benefits of sulthiame in treating OSA. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the development of targeted anticancer inhibitors for carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), a protein that is highly overexpressed in hypoxic solid tumors. The designed compounds have functionalities that allow them to recognize CA IX specifically and form a covalent bond with a specific residue in the protein. These compounds have high affinity and selectivity for CA IX, and they irreversibly inactivate the protein through covalent modification. The lead inhibitors reached a high affinity of 2 pM, making them the most potent CA IX inhibitors known. This research has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Guangzhou Medical University in China have designed and synthesized twenty-nine coumarin-3-sulfonamide derivatives, which showed moderate to good potency against A549 cells, a type of cancer cell. Among these derivatives, compound 8q exhibited potent inhibition against A549 cells with low cytotoxicity on normal cells. The compound was found to inhibit the expression of human carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and showed inhibitory effects on the migration and invasion of A549 cells. The research suggests that these derivatives have potential as CAIX inhibitors and warrant further investigation. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been submitted for a method and therapeutic combination to treat idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and cluster headaches. The method involves administering a combination of a somatostatin mimetic and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with specific dosing regimens. The goal is to provide a safe and effective treatment that reduces morbidity and facilitates long-term compliance. The patent application discusses the limitations and side effects of current treatments and emphasizes the need for non-invasive and easily compliant options. It provides detailed dosing instructions and lists specific medications that can be used. [Extracted from the article]