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Introduction: Vegetarianism is an eating pattern centred on plant-based food. It encompasses many diets that differ in terms of whether they contain goods originating from animals, like milk and eggs. Nowadays, vegetarianism is increasing in popularity in developed nations, particularly in Europe. Individuals choose vegetarian diets for reasons related to health, ethics, or ecology. The rising popularity of vegetarian diets is not limited to adults but is also increasing among children. This trend can be linked to both parental choices and the personal decisions of adolescents. Aim of the study: Vegetarian diets are generally considered to be beneficial for health. However, there are concerns over the ability to meet the dietary requirements necessary during infancy, youth, and adolescence on a vegetarian diet. Therefore, the primary aim of this systematic review is to answer questions about the efficacy of a plant-based diet in meeting the nutritional requirements of children and how to avoid the risk of nutritional deficiencies among vegetarian children. Material and methods: This article provides an overview of the current literature about the vegetarian diet in children. The information has been collected from a comprehensive search of electronic databases, scientific journals, and statement papers published by nutrition and paediatric organisations. Results: Following a vegetarian diet can be a beneficial decision for all children, assuming that it is properly organised and well balanced. It is important to be aware of the higher risk of deficiency in plant-based diet compared to an omnivorous. The majority of paediatric and nutrition organisations do not recommend more strict diets for children, such as a vegan diet, which fully excludes not only meat but all animal products. While it is possible to plan a vegan diet that meets children's requirements for nutrients, it is challenging, and mistakes might result in significant and long-term health consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enlargement of the European Union in 2004 significantly increased the diversity of industrial relations among the countries of the EU. In comparison with the countries of the former EU-15, the new Member States in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) were characterized by weaker trade unions, faster decline in union density, lower coverage of collective bargaining and their greater decentralization, and by the lack of statutory forms of information and consultation of employees at company level. The main aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the economic crisis on institutions shaping industrial relations in the CEE countries during the period 2008-2014. This article will answer the question if the crisis has accelerated the convergence of industrial relations, or even the opposite - further deepened the existing differences and what the responses of social partners on the crisis were. The paper uses theoretical and conceptual analysis methods based on a survey of literature and statistics (especially from ICTWSS data base and EU-linked sources such as ETUI and EIRO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Horizontal trust among lecturers at universities seems to be particularly unexplored in the literature. The main purpose of this paper is to fi ll in this gap and is an attempt to answer the question: how lecturers perceive, address and reconstruct trust in their teaching. Methodology: The data; narratives of lecturers, consists of told and written stories (N=23) collected in Finland, Hungary and the United Kingdom. Collecting multinational dataset is based on the European attempt of the harmonisation and internationalisation of education and on the cooperation of educational institutions. The narratives were analysed in two stages: fi rst by narrative analysis and then by condensing textual data. Findings: The results argue that trust creates trusting atmosphere between lecturers. Without trust cooperation between lecturers creates tension and diff iculties. Trust creates welfare and good results for teaching. Without trust the lecturers cannot give their best to the students, colleagues and all in all to the university of the applied sciences. Trust makes it possible to change teaching methods and organisational structures at the universities of the applied sciences. Without trust working methods are diff icult to develop. Trust contributes to good cooperation between lecturers and more positive results to develop academic education in Europe. Originality/value: The results of this paper are consistent with previous research, however they shed light in much more detail on horizontal trust at universities emphasizing, among others, the fact that trust impacts the organization's success, and strengthens intra- and inter-organizational relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local currencies represent an alternative to fiat money. They contribute to the development of local communities, primarily by supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, which remain fundamental for the economy of every European country. The purpose of the study is to identify both ways and methods focused on supporting the implementation of the concept of sustainable development by the selected local currencies in the area of Europe, analysed in the years 1932-2020. The paper takes the form a descriptive analysis based on the studies covering Polish, Czech, Dutch, German and English source literature as well as the Community Currencies in Action (CCIA) publications, websites of the analysed local currencies and other studies in the field of financial law. The method of comparative analysis was used to examine the similarities and differences in supporting the implementation of the concept of sustainable development. The basic conclusion formulated after conducting the research is the fact that each local currency does support sustainable development in an indirect way. In addition, certain local currencies can be identified, in the case of which the support of sustainable development is the essence of their functioning. The effectiveness of the impact exerted by local currencies on sustainable development depends on the involvement of the creators of these currency systems and the specificity of the existing conditions. The ability to establish partnerships between non-governmental organisations, business entities and public administration may also play a significant role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tors represent one of the most characteristic landforms in the uplands and mountains of Central Europe, including the Sudetes, Czech-Moravian Highlands, Šumava/Bayerischer Wald, Fichtelgebirge or Harz. These features occur in a range of lithologies, although granites and gneisses are particularly prone to tor formation. Various models of tor formation and development have been presented, and for each model the tors were thought to have evolved under specific environmental conditions. The two most common theories emphasised their progressive emergence from pre-Quaternary weathering mantles in a two-stage scenario, and their development across slopes under periglacial conditions in a one-stage scenario. More recently, tors have been analysed in relation to ice sheet extent, the selectivity of glacial erosion, and the preservation of landforms under ice. In this paper we describe tor distribution across Central Europe along with hypotheses relating to their formation and development, arguing that specific evolutionary histories are not supported by unequivocal evidence and that the scenarios presented were invariably model-driven. Several examples from the Sudetes are presented to demonstrate that tor morphology is strongly controlled by lithology and structure. The juxtaposition of tors of different types is not necessarily evidence that they differ in their mode of origin or age. Pathways of tor remodelling and degradation under subaerial conditions are identified and it is argued that processes of tor formation and development are ongoing. Thus, tors are not reliable indicators of past environments, because they are considerably influenced by both geological factors, such as lithology and structure, and geomorphological factors such as hillslope setting.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) one of the most common chronic disease in Europe, can affect every part of the body including the skin. Metabolic changes during the progress of diabetes mellitus, influence the occurence of various dermatoses such as Acanthosis nigricans, Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, bullosis diabeticorum, eruptive xanthomatosis and diabetic dermopathy. On the other hand, there are allergic skin reactions as a consequence of insulin infusion, diabetic pills treatment and using diabetic devices like insulin pumps and glucose monitors that can improve patiens glycemic control and their quality of life. Aim of the study: The aim of our study is to present skin manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus patients. The importance of early detection skin changes and its significance are also analysed. Material and methods: We searched electronic databases, using keywords such as „Diabetes Mellitus", „ Skin dermatoses assosiated with diabetes mellitus „ and „Acanthosis Nigricans". Conclusions: Human skin is a reflection of the processes that take place in the body. The characteristc dermatoses that appear on it, can be a clue for the doctor and help him in the diagnostic process and proper control of diabetes. Technological progress has led to the develompent of specialized devices to control the glycemia of patients, however, this is often associated with the deterioration in the well-being of patients and the benefits of treatment, by reverse allergic skin reactions to contact with the equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: The issue of rural development is an important topic from the perspective of the science of territorial development for several reasons. First, from the perspective of the growing importance of cities, with which the depopulation of the countryside is associated. Secondly, from the point of view of the development opportunities of non-urbanized areas, whose position in the context of fund distribution is weak. Finally, from the point of view of the possibility of diversifying food production, to which much attention is currently being paid in Europe and around the world. However, as studies show, not only the existence, but the development of rural areas is a determinant of the development of urban areas. Aim: The purpose of the article is to demonstrate that rural development continues to be a significant challenge, while especially important for this development is the involvement of people -- entrepreneurial leaders. Results: As a result of the study, it was possible to gain input in the form of knowledge regarding the differential impact of the rural development factors identified in the study. The phenomenon of the possibility of digitization of social and business life, which has emerged as globalization has progressed, and quite clearly as a result of the pandemic, has shown that it is a factor of great importance in leveling the marginalization of rural areas. What's more, the entrepreneurship of rural leaders is a key element in building strategies for the development of these areas, even outweighing the factor of a financial and administrative nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to present the role of third sector in economic crises with the particular case study of its role in the last economic crises in Europe. The economic crises brought about a reduction of both government funding and corporate giving, also decline in income from philanthropy. Most responses from the third sector were reactive and passive in nature - reduction or freezing of wages, dismissal of workers, shutting down existing and delaying the beginning of new programs, and the reduction or cancellation of services. However some of the actions were more proactive. These can be divided into two groups. The first one is external in nature. Statutory activity of the third sector has focused on the introduction of programs and initiatives designed to counter the effects of economic crises and increasing the transparency of doing business, in particular financial operations. The second type of activity is associated with the still unappreciated role of the third sector as a business player. Nonprofit organizations can ameliorate the impact of an economic crisis by making efforts to maintain their activity despite zero or negative rate of return diversifying funding sources and entrepreneurship, increasing cooperation with other sectors (governmental and private). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Motivation: The interest in sustainable, socially, environmentally and climatically stable development of the economy is growing. At the same time, issuers and investors are looking for financial instruments with which they can achieve their investment goals. The idea of the green bond market is to develop debt instruments in financing projects contributing to ecologically sustainable development, which should have a direct impact on the development of technologies and practices in the area of resource use that contribute to limiting adverse climate change. Bonds for financing or refinancing renewable energy sources and increasing energy efficiency are seen as a natural part of the transformation of the global economy. Aim: The purpose of the article is to present an analysis and goals of green bond market in Europe based on currency of issue, geographic structure, issue period, sectors and issue targets as well as major stock exchanges on which green bonds are listed. Results: Relevant data on the green bond market in Europe was analyzed and the objectives of issuing green debt finance in particular sectors by number of emission were identified. It was verified that green bonds, which are listed only on one stock exchange, mainly the Scandinavian one, have a lower average value of the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chornohora is the highest mountain ridge in the Ukrainian Carpathians with 6 peaks of an altitude over 2,000 m above sea level (Hoverla is the highest peak, 2,061 m a.s.l). Its climate is explored less than other mountain ridges in Europe. The massif is a climatic barrier for air masses on NW-SE line. To describe the climate of this area data from the weather station at Pozhyzhevska alpine meadow for the years 1961–2010 were used. The seasonal and long-term variability of air temperature, atmospheric precipitation and snow cover were investigated on the background of air circulation types. The results show that general features of Chornohora climate depend both, on elevation above sea level and on air circulation. Lowest temperature is observed at N-NE circulation and highest precipitation – at western air inflow. Long-term changes of examined climate elements in Chornohora show significant increase in mean (0.13°/10 years) and minimum (0.22°C/10 years) air temperature as well as in snow cover depth and number of snowy days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circulation in the mid-troposphere in moderate and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere can be characterised by the Vangenheim-Girs (VG) circulation macro-forms. The aim of the research was to analyse the VG macro-forms as a factor determining the general characteristics of the atmospheric circulation in mid-troposphere in the Euro-Atlantic region and low-troposphere airflow characteristics in the profile (zonal belt) crossing Central Europe from Ireland to Kazan in Russia (5°30'W–44°00'E). Alongside the VG macro-form calendar, ERA-INTERIM data were used. The utilised meteorological variables comprised 500hPa geopotential height, SLP and air temperature at 995 sigma level. The temporal scope of the research was 35 years (1981–2015) and the resolution was 24h (12.00 UTC). The circulation in the low-troposphere was characterised by the geostrophic wind vector characteristics directly resulting from SLP and air temperature fields. Subsequently, derived indices (e.g. wind direction stability) were used. The presented results indicate that the variability of anemological conditions at SLP in the area of 50–60°N over Europe is in direct connection with the mid-troposphere circulation features. The differences are statistically significant across nearly the entire research area. This includes the reversal of the dominant air flow direction in some areas. The greatest variability in geostrophic wind characteristics due to W, E and C VG macro-forms is revealed in the central and eastern part of the 50–60°N zone – between the southern Baltic Sea and the western border of Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Deliberations of the article revolve around trends of social capital under conditions of economic crisis. Motivation: Final conclusions are based on theoretical considerations and empirical research. The latter include analysis of changes in indicators of social capital (in the cognitive, structural and behavioural dimension) in Southern European countries (Spain, Greece and Portugal) -- from comparative perspective -- before and after 2007. Data from European Social Survey and European Value Study were used. The example of Southern European countries shows that there can be no universal reaction scheme (in terms of social capital) on the crisis phenomena. Results: A common feature of the analyzed countries after 2007 is an increase in ties with friends (bonding social capital, however the heightened importance may not just be a consequence of the crisis, but rather part of long-term societal change -- e.g. Portugal) and a reduction in institutional and systemic trust. It can be also concluded that countries well endowed in social capital (e.g. Spain), in the period of economic crisis to the greater extent employ social capital resources as a response to non-beneficial changes in the economic environment (which is illustrated by higher rates of civic and political participation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with a new informational problem in the financial markets and shows how increasing reliance on standardized sources of information (rating agencies, financial media, journals etc.) can potentially lead to crises. It examines the way in which the problem of information on the markets has changed -- partly as a result of current legal frames on disclosure and information obligation. Furthermore, it links the phenomenon of increasing reliance on information sources to the current problems and deficiencies of investment decisions. The analysis examines the standard legal responses of the financial markets in order to search for a viable solution to the problem of market deficiencies in this regard. Attention is drawn to a serious flaw in the financial markets and to an increasing shift of power towards private information-supplying entities, all of which could lead to disruptions of financial stability in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the day-of-the-week patterns in liquidity on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) using daily turnover as a liquidity measure. The existence of an inverted U-shape in the stock turnover across the trading days is examined. The research sample covers 2502 daily observations in the period January 2005 - December 2014. 53 WSE-listed companies divided into three size groups are investigated. In the study the OLS method with the HAC covariance matrix estimation and the GARCH-type models are employed. The results indicate that liquidity on the WSE tends to be significantly lower on Mondays and higher on Wednesdays in comparison with the other days of the week. However, the inverted U-shape in daily turnover occurs only among the companies with the largest market capitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]