1. Light microscopy survey of extant gymnosperm root protophloem and comparison with basal angiosperms
- Author
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Pesacreta, Thomas C. and Purpera, Michael A.
- Subjects
Phloem -- Physiological aspects ,Angiosperms -- Physiological aspects ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Gymnosperm root protophloem is not well understood. There is a question as to whether root protophloem cells mature as phloem parenchyma, or as sieve elements, or if within the protophloem there is an anatomical and evolutionary gradient having characteristics of both cell types. This question is relevant to understanding anatomical and physiological mechanisms that supply nutrients to the root tip. Anatomical data from a broad range of species show that gymnosperms have one to three layers of parenchymatous protophloem cells located at the vascular cylinder periphery between the pericyle and the metaphloem. In some species, these cells are associated with secretory idioblasts. Near the root apex, protophloem cells develop a large central vacuole and, in transverse sections, their radial walls tend to be radially elongated. When mature, these cells are highly longitudinally elongated. Only these cells exhibit surging toward the root apex during chemical fixation. These data indicate that protophloem of gymnosperm roots lacks sieve elements. Because of its distinctive anatomical characteristics and the absence of sieve elements, gymnosperm root protophloem is a vegetative synapomorphy among extant species. The restriction of this tissue type to gymnosperms supports the hypothesis that it originated in a progenitor of that clade. Key words: gymnosperm root, protophloem, vascular plant evolution. Le protophloeme de la racine des gymnospermes est une structure mal comprise. On ignore si les cellules du protophloeme de la racine evoluent, lors de la maturation, comme parenchyme du phloeme ou comme elements des tubes cribles, ou s'il existe a l'interieur du protophloeme un gradient anatomique et evolutionnaire possedant les caracteristiques des deux types cellulaires. Cette question est pertinente pour comprendre les mecanismes anatomiques et physiologiques qui fournissent les nutriments a l'apex des racines. Les donnees anatomiques obtenues d'un large spectre d'especes montrent que les gymnospermes possedent de une a trois couches de cellules parenchymateuses du protophloeme localisees a la peripherie du cylindre vasculaire entre le pericycle et le metaphloeme. Chez certaines especes, ces cellules sont associees aux idioblastes secretoires. Pres de l'apex des racines, les cellules du protophloeme developpent une vacuole centrale de grande taille, et dans les sections transverses, leurs parois radiales tendent a etre allongees radialement. Lorsqu'elles sont matures, ces cellules sont fortement allongees longitudinalement. Seules ces cellules presentent une spumescence vers l'apex des racines lors de la fixation chimique. Ces donnees indiquent que le protophloeme des racines des gymnospermes est depourvu d'elements des tubes cribles. A cause de ses caracteristiques anatomiques distinctives et l'absence d'elements des tubes cribles, le protophloeme de la racine des gymnospermes constitue une synapomorphie vegetative parmi les especes toujours existantes. La restriction de ce type de tissu aux gymnospermes appuie l'hypothese qu'il provenait d'un progeniteur de ce clade. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: racine des gymnospermes, protophloeme, evolution des plantes vasculaires., Introduction Root tissues have been extensively investigated with regard to apical organization (e.g., Allen 1947; Wilcox 1954; Pillai 1964; Byrne and Heimsch 1970; Gunning et al. 1978; Peterson and Vermeer [...]
- Published
- 2014
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