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The purpose of this experiment was to study the role of binocular vision, including both stereopsis and binocular vergence, on the complex task of golf putting. The putting accuracy of 16, visually-normal, inexperienced golfers (range 23- 66 years, mean=35 years) was assessed for small (3cm) and large (12cm) targets located at 3, 6, and 9 feet with their distance corrective lenses in place. Subjects performed the task under either normal binocular or monocular viewing conditions. Putting accuracy (% successful putts) was significantly better under binocular versus monocular viewing conditions for the smaller target. This was true for 10 out of 12 (83%, p=0.019), 11 out of 12 (92%, p=0.003), and 12 out of 12 (100%, p<0.001) of the subjects for the 3-, 6-, and 9-foot test distances, respectively. The percentage improvement in putting accuracy under binocular as compared to monocular viewing conditions for the small (3cm) target was 14%, 8%, and 13% for the 3-, 6-, and 9-foot target distances, respectively. For the larger target, the trends were similar but smaller in magnitude (0.5-7%) and not statistically significant. These findings are consistent with earlier studies demonstrating improved athletic performance under binocular versus monocular viewing conditions. The additional depth-related cues provided by stereopsis and binocular vergence appear to be crucial for more precise and detailed tasks, such as were present with the smaller target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of psychological pressure on physiological responses during the golf putting stroke. Six young adults (four males and two females) participated in the study. The experiment was comprised of a contest that consisted of four sessions, with a dinner prize awarded to the winner. In each session, the subject was instructed to attempt 20, 9-foot putts. Eye, head, and putter motions, as well as heart rate and breathing rate, were objectively recorded during each trial. For all sessions, each successful putt was awarded a score of +2 points. However, as the four sessions progressed, any missed putt was given progressively greater negative scores: -2, -3, -4, and -5 points, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the subject rated the perceived pressure during each session on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 corresponding to no pressure and 5 corresponding to extreme pressure. Overall, the results demonstrated that the apparently simple act of putting involves a complex interplay among various physiological and neurological control parameters, hence reflecting a myriad of emotions that are magnified under increased psychological pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the role of visual and verbal feedback on golf putting accuracy. The putting accuracy of 12, visually-normal, inexperienced golfers (range 23-66 years, mean=42 years) was assessed for small (3cm) and large (12cm) targets located 6 feet away. After a brief practice interval, subjects performed the task: under either normal viewing conditions ("control"); behind a large cardboard baffle that eliminated most of their central and peripheral visual field ("no visual or verbal feedback"); or behind the same baffle but with verbal knowledge of putt accuracy ("verbal feedback only"). There was no significant difference between any condition for both the 3cm and 12cm target. The difference in putting percentage accuracy between the three conditions ranged from 2.1%-4.6% for the 3cm target and from 0.4%-2.9% for the 12cm target. Comparison of the first 10 shots to the last 10 shots for each condition revealed no significant differences in putting performance. These findings are consistent with earlier studies demonstrating a reduced reliance on visual feedback for certain simple, repetitive, and fixed sensorimotor activities. In such tasks, visual information appears to be of less importance, once the proper force- The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the role of visual and verbal feedback on golf putting accuracy. The putting accuracy of 12, visually-normal, inexperienced golfers (range 23-66 years, mean=42 years) was assessed for small (3cm) and large (12cm) targets located 6 feet away. After a brief practice interval, subjects performed the task: under either normal viewing conditions ("control"); behind a large cardboard baffle that eliminated most of their central and peripheral visual field ("no visual or verbal feedback"); or behind the same baffle but with verbal knowledge of putt accuracy ("verbal feedback only"). There was no significant difference between any condition for both the 3cm and 12cm target. The difference in putting percentage accuracy between the three conditions ranged from 2.1%-4.6% for the 3cm target and from 0.4%-2.9% for the 12cm target. Comparison of the first 10 shots to the last 10 shots for each condition revealed no significant differences in putting performance. These findings are consistent with earlier studies demonstrating a reduced reliance on visual feedback for certain simple, repetitive, and fixed sensorimotor activities. In such tasks, visual information appears to be of less importance, once the proper force-distance paradigm has been incorporated into motor memory. Further, motor memory does not appear to dissipate with the withdrawal of visual feedback, at least in the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the aspects of playing golf in the U.S. The author mentions that the term golf was derived from the Scottish word goulf, which means to strike or cuff. He states that unlike other sports, golf is a static sport in which the golfer begins his performance with a static near target, the ball, and a static far target, the hole location. He notes that orientation, location, and control of movement are important aspects of the game as golfers are not constantly in motion.