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Background: Self-measurement of blood pressure (SMBP) is endorsed by current guidelines for diagnosing and managing hypertension (HTN). We surveyed individuals in a rural healthcare system on practices and attitudes related to SMBP that could guide future practice., Methods: Survey questions were sent via an online patient portal to a random sample of 56,275 patients with either BP > 140/90 mm Hg or cardiovascular care in the system. Questions addressed home blood pressure (BP) monitor ownership, use, willingness to purchase, desire to share data with providers, perceptions of patient education, and patient-centeredness of care. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine patient characteristics associated with SMBP behaviors., Results: The overall response rate was 12%, and 8.4% completed all questions. Most respondents, 60.9%, owned a BP monitor, while 51.5% reported checking their BP at home the month prior. Among device owners, 45.1% reported receiving instructions on SMBP technique, frequency, and reading interpretation. Only 29.2% reported sharing readings with providers in the last 6 months, whereas 57.9% said they would be willing to do so regularly. Older age, female sex, and higher income were associated with a higher likelihood of device ownership. Younger age, lower income, and Medicaid insurance were associated with a greater willingness to share SMBP results with providers regularly., Conclusions: While a significant proportion of respondents performed SMBP regularly, many reported insufficient education on SMBP, and few shared their home BP readings with providers. Patient-centered interventions and telemedicine-based care are opportunities that emerged in our survey that could enhance future HTN care., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd.)

Background: Self-measured blood pressure (SMBP) is an effective strategy for managing and controlling hypertension. However, uncertainty regarding patients' ability to accurately measure their blood pressure (BP) contributes to treatment inertia. Therefore, we compared BP measurements with the Omron HEM-9210T device obtained by nurses and community-dwelling adults after training., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a simulated home environment at an academic institution. After a 5-min rest, a trained nurse measured a participant's BP twice at a 1-min interval. The participants then ambulated at their usual pace for 2 min. Next, they were asked to rest for 5 min, during which each individual watched a 3-min video on SMBP. Following the rest, the participants obtained two readings at a 1-min interval., Results: We recruited 102 community-dwelling adults with a mean age of 54 (±14) years; 59% female, 88% Black race, and 63% with a hypertension diagnosis. Half (n = 51) had a home BP monitor. Overall, there were no significant differences between nurse- and participant-obtained systolic BP (mean difference [MD]: -1.1; standard deviation [SD]: 8.0; P = 0.178) or diastolic BP (MD: -0.9; SD: 5.5; P = 0.111). Participants who used an extra-large cuff had higher self-measured diastolic BP (MD: -2.9; SD: 4.5; P = 0.010). All participants demonstrated satisfactory SMBP skills after the training., Conclusions: Community-dwelling adults can accurately measure BP after a 3-min video training. Integrating SMBP training into patient encounters may result in reliable home BP measurements, improving hypertension management and clinical decision making., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: The American Heart Association funded a Health Equity Research Network on the prevention of hypertension, the RESTORE Network, as part of its commitment to achieving health equity in all communities. This article provides an overview of the RESTORE Network., Methods: The RESTORE Network includes five independent, randomized trials testing approaches to implement non-pharmacological interventions that have been proven to lower blood pressure (BP). The trials are community-based, taking place in churches in rural Alabama, mobile health units in Michigan, barbershops in New York, community health centers in Maryland, and food deserts in Massachusetts. Each trial employs a hybrid effectiveness-implementation research design to test scalable and sustainable strategies that mitigate social determinants of health (SDOH) that contribute to hypertension in Black communities. The primary outcome in each trial is change in systolic BP. The RESTORE Network Coordinating Center has five cores: BP measurement, statistics, intervention, community engagement, and training that support the trials. Standardized protocols, data elements and analysis plans were adopted in each trial to facilitate cross-trial comparisons of the implementation strategies, and application of a standard costing instrument for health economic evaluations, scale up, and policy analysis. Herein, we discuss future RESTORE Network research plans and policy outreach activities designed to advance health equity by preventing hypertension., Conclusions: The RESTORE Network was designed to promote health equity in the US by testing effective and sustainable implementation strategies focused on addressing SDOH to prevent hypertension among Black adults., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Disparities in hypertension outcomes persist among Black and Hispanic adults and persons living in poverty in the United States. The "LINKED-BP Program" is a multi-level intervention linking home blood pressure (BP) monitoring with a mobile health application, support from community health workers (CHWs), and BP measurement training at primary care practices to improve BP. This study is part of the American Heart Association RESTORE (AddREssing Social Determinants TO pRevent hypErtension) Network. This study aims to examine the effect of the LINKED-BP Program on BP reduction and to evaluate the reach, adoption, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of the intervention., Methods: Using a hybrid type I effectiveness-implementation design, 600 adults who have elevated BP or untreated stage 1 hypertension without diabetes, chronic kidney disease, history of cardiovascular disease (stroke or coronary heart disease) and age < 65 years will be recruited from 20 primary care practices including community health centers in the Maryland area. The practices are randomly assigned to the intervention or the enhanced usual care arms. Patients in the LINKED-BP Program receive training on home BP monitoring, BP telemonitoring through the Sphygmo app, and CHW telehealth visits for education and counseling on lifestyle modification over 12 months. The primary clinical outcome is change from baseline in systolic BP at 6 and 12 months., Discussions: The LINKED-BP Program tests a sustainable, scalable approach to prevent hypertension and advance health equity. The findings will inform implementation strategies that address social determinants of health and barriers to hypertension prevention in underserved populations., Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT05180045., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd.)

Background: To compare prevalence of hypertension and stage II hypertension assessed by 2 blood pressure (BP) observation protocols., Methods: Participants aged 18 years and older (n = 4,689) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2017-2018) had their BP measured following 2 protocols: the legacy auscultation protocol (AP) and oscillometric protocol (OP). The order of protocols was randomly assigned. Prevalence estimates for hypertension (BP ≥130/80 mm Hg or use of medication for hypertension) and stage II hypertension (BP ≥140/90 mm Hg) were determined overall, by demographics, and by risk factors for each protocol. Ratios (OP% ÷ AP%) and kappa statistics were calculated., Results: Age-adjusted hypertension prevalence was 44.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 41.1%-48.0%) using OP and 45.1% (95% CI: 41.5%-48.7%) using AP, prevalence ratio = 0.99 (95% CI = 0.94-1.04). Age-adjusted stage II hypertension prevalence was 15.8% (95% CI: 13.6%-18.2%) using AP and 17.1% (95% CI: 14.7%-19.7%) using OP, prevalence ratio = 0.92 (95% CI = 0.81-1.04). For both hypertension and stage II hypertension, the prevalence ratios by demographics and by risk factors all included unity in their 95% CI, except for stage II hypertension in adults 60+ years (ratio: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.78-0.98]). Kappa for agreement between protocols for hypertension and stage II hypertension was 0.75 (95% CI = 0.71-0.79) and 0.67 (95% CI = 0.61-0.72), respectively., Conclusions: In adults and for nearly all subcategories there were no significant differences in prevalence of hypertension and stage II hypertension between protocols, indicating that protocol change may not affect the national prevalence estimates of hypertension and stage II hypertension., (© Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Journal of Hypertension Ltd 2022.)

Hypertension treatment and control prevent more cardiovascular events than management of other modifiable risk factors. Although the age-adjusted proportion of US adults with controlled blood pressure (BP) defined as <140/90 mm Hg, improved from 31.8% in 1999-2000 to 48.5% in 2007-2008, it remained stable through 2013-2014 and declined to 43.7% in 2017-2018. To address the rapid decline in hypertension control, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened a virtual workshop with multidisciplinary national experts. Also, the group sought to identify opportunities to reverse the adverse trend and further improve hypertension control. The workshop immediately preceded the Surgeon General's Call to Action to Control Hypertension, which recognized a stagnation in progress with hypertension control. The presentations and discussions included potential reasons for the decline and challenges in hypertension control, possible "big ideas," and multisector approaches that could reverse the current trend while addressing knowledge gaps and research priorities. The broad set of "big ideas" was comprised of various activities that may improve hypertension control, including: interventions to engage patients, promotion of self-measured BP monitoring with clinical support, supporting team-based care, implementing telehealth, enhancing community-clinical linkages, advancing precision population health, developing tailored public health messaging, simplifying hypertension treatment, using process and outcomes quality metrics to foster accountability and efficiency, improving access to high-quality health care, addressing social determinants of health, supporting cardiovascular public health and research, and lowering financial barriers to hypertension control., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd.)

Hypertension is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although controlling blood pressure reduces cardiovascular and stroke mortality and target organ damage, poor blood pressure control remains a clinical and public health challenge. Furthermore, racial and ethnic disparities in the outcomes of hypertension are well documented. In October of 2020, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services published The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Control Hypertension. The Call to Action emphasized, among other priorities, the need to eliminate disparities in the treatment and control of high blood pressure and to address social determinants as root causes of inequities in blood pressure control and treatment. In support of the goals set in the Call to Action, this review summarizes contemporary research on racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in hypertension and blood pressure control; describes interventions and policies that have improved blood pressure control in minoritized populations by addressing the social determinants of health; and proposes next steps for achieving equity in hypertension and blood pressure control., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Social determinants influence the development and control of hypertension., Methods: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2018) data for adults aged ≥18 included education, income, employment, race/ethnicity, healthcare access, marital status, and nativity status. Outcomes were hypertension (blood pressure [BP] ≥130/80 mm Hg or self-reported hypertension medication use), stage 2 hypertension (BP ≥140/90 mm Hg), and controlled BP (BP <130/80 mm Hg among those with hypertension). Poisson regression with robust variance estimates was used to examine associations between social determinants and outcomes, by sex., Results: The analysis included 21,664 adults (mean age 47.1 years), of whom 51% were women. After adjustment, hypertension and stage 2 hypertension prevalence remained higher among Black and Asian than White adults, regardless of sex. Blacks had lower prevalence of controlled BP than Whites. Compared with college graduates, men and women with less education had a higher prevalence of hypertension and stage 2 hypertension. Men (prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.28, 95% confidence interval: 0.16-0.49) and women (PR: 0.44, 0.24-0.78) with no routine place for healthcare had lower prevalence of controlled BP than those who had a routine place for healthcare. Uninsured men (PR: 0.66, 0.44-0.99) and women (PR: 0.67, 0.51-0.88) had lower prevalence of controlled BP than those insured. Unemployed or unmarried women were more likely to have controlled BP than employed or married women., Conclusions: Social determinants were independently associated with hypertension outcomes in US adults. Policy interventions are urgently needed to address healthcare access and education, and eliminate racial disparities., (© American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd 2021. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)