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R-loops are three-stranded RNA:DNA hybrid structures essential for many normal and pathobiological processes. Previously, we generated a quantitative R-loop forming sequence (RLFS) model, quantitative model of R-loop-forming sequences (QmRLFS) and predicted ∼660 000 RLFSs; most of them located in genes and gene-flanking regions, G-rich regions and disease-associated genomic loci in the human genome. Here, we conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of these RLFSs using experimental data and demonstrated the high performance of QmRLFS predictions on the nucleotide and genome scales. The preferential co-localization of RLFS with promoters, U1 splice sites, gene ends, enhancers and non-B DNA structures, such as G-quadruplexes, provides evidence for the mechanical linkage between DNA tertiary structures, transcription initiation and R-loops in critical regulatory genome regions. We introduced and characterized an abundant class of reverse-forward RLFS clusters highly enriched in non-B DNA structures, which localized to promoters, gene ends and enhancers. The RLFS co-localization with promoters and transcriptionally active enhancers suggested new models for in cis and in trans regulation by RNA:DNA hybrids of transcription initiation and formation of 3D-chromatin loops. Overall, this study provides a rationale for the discovery and characterization of the non-B DNA regulatory structures involved in the formation of the RNA:DNA interactome as the basis for an emerging quantitative R-loop biology and pathobiology.

The possible formation of three-stranded RNA and DNA hybrid structures (R-loops) in thousands of functionally important guanine-rich genic and inter-genic regions could suggest their involvement in transcriptional regulation and even development of diseases. Here, we introduce the first freely available R-loop prediction program called Quantitative Model of R-loop Forming Sequence (RLFS) finder (QmRLFS-finder), which predicts RLFSs in nucleic acid sequences based on experimentally supported structural models of RLFSs. QmRLFS-finder operates via a web server or a stand-alone command line tool. This tool identifies and visualizes RLFS coordinates from any natural or artificial DNA or RNA input sequences and creates standards-compliant output files for further annotation and analysis. QmRLFS-finder demonstrates highly accurate predictions of the detected RLFSs, proposing new perspective to further discoveries in R-loop biology, biotechnology and molecular therapy. QmRLFS-finder is freely available at http://rloop.bii.a-star.edu.sg/?pg=qmrlfs-finder.