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Higher education operates in a quickly changing, progressively more globalized, cosmopolitan, and interconnected world (Bauman, 2000, Globalization: The Human Consequences. New York/Chichester: Columbia University Press; Appiah, 2006, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers. New York: W.W. Norton & Co; Zuckerman, 2013, Rewire: Digital Cosmopolitans in the Age of Connection. New York: W. W. Norton & Company). At the same time, substantive inequalities between people and places mean that this connectivity and knowledge is unevenly spread (Hallberg Adu, 2014, What is the opposite of a knowledge society? A critical reflection from Ghana. In Amoah, L. (ed.), Impacts of the Knowledge Society on Economic and Social Growth in Africa. IGI Global). For our students, the future leaders of this unequal world, critical reasoning becomes a key skill, and perhaps especially so for students in the Global South. This paper argues that digital humanities (DH) can provide both a theoretical framework for decolonizing the academy and technological solutions to hurdles in this process. The paper argues that assignments, their theoretical underpinnings, and implementation are key to decolonizing higher education. It describes three accessible technology-driven assignments with DH pedagogy created for diverse classrooms at Ashesi University in Ghana and discusses their outcomes.

This paper is part of a book symposium dedicated to Daphna Hacker's book "Legalized Families in the Era of Bordered Globalization". This paper focuses on chapter 3 of the book that discusses family agreements. While appreciating large parts of the argument, the paper questions the extent of Hacker's position and its implications.

We study the impact of international long-distance flights on the global spatial allocation of economic activity. To identify causal effects, we exploit variation due to regulatory and technological constraints which give rise to a discontinuity in connectedness between cities at a distance of 6000 miles. We show that these air links have a positive effect on local economic activity, as captured by satellite-measured night lights. To shed light on how air links shape economic outcomes, we first present evidence of positive externalities in the global network of air links: connections induce further connections. We then find that air links increase business links, showing that the movement of people fosters the movement of capital. In particular, this is driven mostly by capital flowing from high-income to middle-income (but not low-income) countries. Taken together, our results suggest that increasing interconnectedness generates economic activity at the local level by inducing links between businesses, but also gives rise to increased spatial inequality locally, and potentially globally.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

This paper examines the international exchange in surgery in the decades before World War I, a period of growing globalization in communication and transport. Focusing on Europe and North America, it looks first at the various means of exchange, especially surgical travel and the culture emerging around it and follows specific directions of exchange, from France and Britain, first to the German-speaking countries and finally to North America. Subsequently, the account turns to international organizations as an important means of exchange in this time period. The International Society of Surgery, in particular, provided a forum for a vivid internationalist discourse, which, however, stood in tension with simultaneous nationalist tendencies leading up to World War I. The paper finally discusses how the international exchange and communication at the time can be seen as an instance of modern surgeons claiming—and simultaneously trying to create—the global universality of surgical knowledge and practices, making sure that surgery is the same the world over.

This paper analyses the evolution of regional innovation policy into the mainstream of public policy. The paper examines the empirical and theoretical developments which have shifted much of the focus on innovation-related issues to matters of economic geography. As well as academic material we also review the literature on the subject produced by the international development institutions. In terms of policy, special attention is devoted to the role of local market failures and local institutions in explaining the importance and need for regional innovation policies, and the advent of the smart specialisation agenda is discussed. Finally, the paper discusses the current regional innovation policy tools and interventions observed around the world, which are seen by international institutions as examples of best practice. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.

Over the last two decades, two new trajectories have taken hold in criminology--the study of masculinity and crime, after a century of neglect, and the geography of crime. This article brings both those fields together to analyse the impact of globalization in the resources sector on frontier cultures of violence. This paper approaches this issue through a case study of frontier masculinities and violence in communities at the forefront of generating resource extraction for global economies. This paper argues that the high rates of violence among men living in work camps in these socio-spatial contexts cannot simply be understood as individualized expressions of psycho-pathological deficit or social disorganization. Explanations for these patterns of violence must also consider a number of key subterranean convergences between globalizing processes and the social dynamics of male-on-male violence in such settings.

This paper investigates the principal competing visions of global politics that are currently advanced in the public discourse about globalization in opposition to the traditional state-centered perspective. The first part of the paper develops an analysis of ideal models as cultural resources that grounds the different reading of human bonds. The second part applies the notion of ideal models to the new scenario of globalization, and identifies four alternative interpretations of the notion of global politics: namely Neo-liberalism, Cosmopolitanism, Alter-globalism, and Dialogue among Civilizations. The principal characteristics of these four notions are presented in order to map the current debate on the future of global politics.

Contemporary approaches to varieties to capitalism are often criticized for neglecting issues of institutional change. This paper develops an approach to institutional change more extended than the one provided in Hall and Soskice (in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001) but congruent with its varieties-of-capitalism perspective. It begins by outlining an approach to institutional stability, which suggests that the persistence of institutions depends not only on their aggregate welfare effects but also on the distributive benefits that they provide to the underlying social or political coalitions; and not only on the Pareto-optimal quality of such equilibria but also on continuous processes of mobilization through which the actors test the limits of the existing institutions. It then develops an analysis of institutional change that emphasizes the ways in which defection, reinterpretation and reform emerge out of such contestation and assesses the accuracy of this account against recent developments in the political economies of Europe. The paper concludes by outlining the implications of this perspective for contemporary analyses of liberalization in the political economy.

Business Power in Global Governance. By Fuchs Doris. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2007. 233 pp., $55.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-1588264923). The Enclave Economy: Foreign Investment and Sustainable Development in Mexico's Silicon Valley. By P. Gallagher Kevin, Zarsky Lyuba. MA: The MIT Press, 2007. 232 pp., $21.00 paper (ISBN-13: 978-0262572422). Textures of Struggle: the Emergence of Resistance among Garment Workers in Thailand. By Pangsapa Piya. Ithaca, NY: IRL/Cornell University Press, 2007. 217 pp., $18.95 paper (ISBN-13: 978-0801473760). Globalization and Labor: Democratizing Global Governance. By Dimitris Stevis, Terry Boswell. UK: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2008. $27.95 (ISBN: 0-7425-3785-4 978-0-7425-3785-9). These books explicitly underline the necessity to revive and continue the “global governance” debate that has dominated both academic and policy relevant circles since the Commission on Global Governance in the 1990s. Technological developments, increase of foreign direct investment into and in some instances the subsequent abandonment of particular industries, increasing tensions of global and national union politics, and the questionable fate of workers, are issues that inform and fuel a number of debates whilst globalizing capitalism continues its omniscient advance. The four texts I review in this piece ask crucial questions about the impact of the expansion of neoliberal capitalism on societies and on people and fundamentally question the utility of the idea of “global governance” that does not take into account corporate power and workers' struggle. Each book gives useful and well informed answers in the context of increasing social antagonism against globalizing strategies still operating at the level of intergovernmental and corporate organization, as well as the domestic arena. Each text challenges mainstream assumptions regarding the impact of globalisation at the popular level, and also challenges widely accepted ideas coming out of business and academic discourses for the advantages of a global free market economy. Each volume also revokes the idea that globalization has reduced the role of the state, and outlines clear state activities in the management of global capitalism, rendering unfounded the allusions made by ideas of global governance for its potential to reduce national governments' involvement. “Governance” is a post-Cold War concept and was discussed in the early 1990s at a meeting in Konigswinter at which time the Commission on Global Governance was born. Swedish Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson and Guiana statesman Shridath Ramphal co-chaired this meeting and created perhaps the first definition of global governance: Governance is the sum of the many ways …

The overall thrust of this paper is that policy learning is enhanced by the participation of private business. It is assumed that business involvement would suggest abundant opportunities for policy learning and transfer. The empirical part of this paper investigates private sector involvement in science, technology and innovation (STI) policy-making in a transition economy (Hungary). Private sector involvement in Hungarian STI policy-making is investigated in terms of the stages and types of involvement. The involvement of the private sector is essential for learning policy-making and achieving adaptability, which in turn is also crucial for the overall success of the innovation policy. This is particularly important for transition economies facing important reforms in a context of accelerated globalisation and international competition. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.

The geographical strategies of transnational corporations have received extensive attention from economic geographers. A particularly important line of study has focused upon the diverse national institutions that create geographically heterogeneous cultures of work. Yet none of these studies place questions about how global firms act as ‘cultural entrepreneurs’ at the centre of their analysis. This paper, therefore, uses the case of transnational law firms to extend theoretical debates about the geographies of learning and best practice through new micro-scale consideration of the way managers in TNCs act as cultural entrepreneurs, driving change in institutionalised cultures of work through strategies that alter the cognitive frames of workers. Drawing primarily on data from interviews, the paper reveals how the strategies used by influential partners in transnational law firms to drive changes in cultures of work do not lead to forms of global strong convergence in practice but converging divergences as cultures change in subtle, often unpredicted ways. It is argued that economic geographers need to pay more attention to the mechanisms of such changes in culture, and the processes of change in national business systems more widely, so as to contribute to debates about corporate culture but also the varieties of capitalism.

This paper examines trends in the unit prices of manufactured imports into the European Union (EU) in the period 1988-2002. This is undertaken at a high level of disaggregation, and it is this decomposition which we believe has important implications both for a range of bodies of economic analysis and for policy. The analyses undertaken in this paper confirm that disaggregation matters in helping to identify unit-price trends. We have also shown that unit-price trends vary with the type of economy exporting into Europe and the type of product being exported, and that these results are robust at high levels of disaggregation.

This paper discusses some changes in the economic ‘landscape’ (policy cultures, institutions, infrastructures, regulations, and economic processes) within which the European Framework Programmes are formed and implemented. The main changes are: the domestic reform agenda of liberalisation, privatisation and deregulation; and the changed globalisation environment. The paper argues that these reforms have transformed the infrastructural conditions underlying technological change in ways that require attention from policymakers. In particular, the domestic reform agendas have had an unintended side-effect — the diminution or closure of large-scale technological and engineering capabilities in formerly publicly-owned industries. Changing concepts of, and approaches to, R&D and innovation necessitate shifts in policy approaches and instruments towards a greater focus on knowledge infrastructures: this is a major challenge facing the Framework Programmes. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.

This paper revisits the issue of intra-industry foreign direct investment (FDI). This issue was considered in Stephen Hymer's early work, but was not subsequently developed, and was largely ignored in the literature for some time. Using the example of the UK, this paper traces the patterns of intra-industry FDI, both across countries and industries, for both the manufacturing and service sectors. Despite the undoubted increase in the integration of goods and factor markets since the time of Hymer's writing, the analysis presented here shows that the pattern has changed little in the last 40 years. The paper then goes on to discuss the motives for intra-industry FDI, relating it to technology flows and factor cost differentials. Finally, we present some analysis relating intra-industry FDI to uneven development, both between developed and developing countries, and between regions of a developed country. It is clear that intra-industry FDI is still very much a developed country phenomenon, as Hymer suggested, with both developing countries and poorer regions of developed countries unlikely to reap any of the benefits. In this context, one-way and two-way FDI must be seen as different phenomena within the debate on globalisation. © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved.

Background Epidemiology in Latin America, as in the rest of the world, has been developed for the purpose of contributing towards understanding the causes and determinants of the phenomena of health and disease in specific contexts. However, in that continent it has specific characteristics. Methods The paper explores epidemiology in the Latin American continent, emphasizing on the one hand epidemiology as a knowledge-producing, scientific discipline, and on the other hand, epidemiology in praxis, with its firm commitment to contributing towards transforming the health of the population. Results It has been possible to identify at least eight idiosyncrasies that characterize epidemiology in Latin America. It is being forged with a strong connection to the evolution of the discipline in an international context; however, it has its feet firmly planted in reality, seeking to extract from that reality elements that may contribute towards diminishing the serious health problems in that society. Conclusions This paper presents a picture of the development of epidemiology in Latin America. It is very clear that as well as a lively, intense, intellectual debate, there is a frantic search for alternatives that will increase Latin American populations' possibilities of survival. However, one important aspect is that these two elements-theory and praxis-present consistent dialectic relationships and feedback; this is the main wealth of Latin American epidemiology.

There is a protracted stalemate between rich (the North) and poor (the South) countries over the question of minimum labour standards in developing economies. This paper is a sequel to Singh and Zammit (2000). It considers afresh key issues in the controversy. While fully recognizing the moral, political, and philosophical dimensions of this complex issue, the paper concentrates on the central economic question of the 'race to the bottom'. It emphasizes the difficulties of establishing labour standards in the vast informal sectors in developing countries and suggests that the ILO conventions 87 and 98 should be amended to reflect properly these concerns. It also argues that ILO core conventions should be broadened to include the right to a decent living. The overall conclusion is that labour standards are important indicators of economic development, but their promotion is best achieved in a non-coercive and supportive international environment such as that provided by the ILO. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.

One of the most controversial aspects of globalization is capital-market liberalization--not so much the liberalization of rules governing foreign direct investment, but those affecting short-term capital flows, speculative hot capital that can come into and out of a country. In the 1980s and 1990s, the IMF and the US Treasury tried to push capital-market liberalization around the world, encountering enormous opposition, not only from developing countries, but from economists who were less enamoured of the doctrines of free and unfettered markets, of market fundamentalism, that were at that time being preached by the international economic institutions. The economic crises of the late 1990s and early years of the new millennium, which were partly, or even largely, attributable to capital-market liberalization, reinforced those reservations. This paper takes as its point of departure a recent IMF paper, to provide insights both into how the IMF could have gone so wrong in its advocacy of capital-market liberalization and into why capital-market liberalization has so often led to increased economic instability, not to economic growth. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.

This paper examines the evidence about the extent of globalisation by focusing on some aspects of international trade flows. A reinterpretation of the existing evidence based on the analysis of tables and a range of indicators is provided in the first part of the paper. The focus is on whether the increase in trade flows has been predominantly a global or regional phenomenon. The analysis points to the tentative conclusion that the dominant tendency is the increase in trade within regional blocs (North America, the EU and the Asia-Japan blocs) rather than across them. To address the same question, a more formal analysis is undertaken in the second part of the paper, by focusing on the relative speed of the convergence in openness within and across regions of the world. Our results indicate that the degree of openness converges faster across the countries of a given region rather than at the global level, reinforcing the conclu sions from the first part of the paper. The results are consistent with the view that trade integration is more of a 'regional' phenomenon than a 'global' one.

The paper analyses the effect of widespread trade liberalisation on global income inequality. The analysis of the trend in global inequality during 1981--97, presented in the first part of the paper, shows that the apparent growth of income inequality among countries conceals a process of convergence. Some developing countries achieved significantly faster economic growth than the advanced industrialised countries and, though small in number, they actually account for a majority of the population of the developing world. Thus international inequality (i.e., the inequality of distribution of per capita incomes among the world's population) in fact declined even though the inter-country income inequality increased. The analysis in the second part of the paper shows (i) that while improved trade performance did have a stimulating effect on growth performance of countries, trade liberalisation had extremely varied effects on trade performance across countries, and (ii) that the distribution of benefits and costs of trade liberalisation across countries has been such as to reduce international inequality without affecting inter-country inequality. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.

In this paper, we develop an aggregation procedure using time-varying weights for constructing the common component of international economic fluctuations. The methodology for deriving time-varying weights is based on some stylised features of the data documented in the paper. The model allows for a unified treatment of cyclical and seasonal fluctuations and also accommodates the dynamic propagation of shocks across countries. We find evidence for a 'world business cycle' as well as evidence for a distinct European common component. We also find some evidence that macroeconomic fluctuations have become more closely linked across industrial economies in the period after 1973. The world economy has become more closely integrated in recent years due to increasing trade and financial flows across countries. This has spurred interest in the question of how the ongoing phenomenon of 'globalisation' has affected the transmission and propagation of business cycle fluctuations across national borders. An important question in this context is whether a substantial fraction of economic fluctuations are country-specific or if there exists a 'world business cycle' which might be defined as fluctuations that are common across all countries. More generally, the comovement of macroeconomic aggregates across different countries has become a topic of increasing interest in both academic and policy circles. These issues have implications in a number of dimensions. An empirical analysis of the relative importance of country-specific versus common international fluctuations is of relevance for determining the structure of certain classes of international business cycle models. From a policy perspective, strong comovement of output across countries at business cycle frequencies implies that external trade would be unlikely to play a significant role in dampening fluctuations. Domestic policies aimed at affecting the real exchange rate and thereby attempting to boost net exports in the short run would then tend to have limited impact. The degree of synchronisation of business cycles across countries also has important implications for short-run international policy coordination and for assessing the feasibility of monetary unions. Therefore, identifying and analysing the common component of international economic fluctuations is relevant from a number of different perspectives.

Our age is marked by two main trajectories: globalization and democratization–which are not readily compatible. While the move toward democracy requires a certain civic equality among all participants, globalization in its present form fosters or enhances social inequality. The paper concentrates on three main types of inequality: those of power, wealth and knowledge. In each of these domains the presentation follows a prominent mentor or set of mentors: in the first domain the political scientist Samuel Huntington; in the second the economist Amartya Sen; and in the last the philosophers Heidegger and Gadamer. By way of conclusion, the paper issues a plea for cosmopolitan or global democratic justice, as a counterpoise to prevailing modes of global inequality and inequity.

The paper derives world income or expenditure distribution of individuals for two years 1988 and 1993. It is the first paper to calculate world distribution for individuals based entirely on household survey data from 91 countries, and adjusted for differences in purchasing power parity between the countries. Measured by the Gini index, inequality increased from an already very high 63 in 1988 to 66 in 1993. The increase was driven more by rising differences in mean incomes between the countries than by rising inequalities within countries. The most important contributors were rising urban-rural differences in China, and slow growth of rural incomes in South Asia compared to several large developed market economies.

Ideas relating to ‘successful’ and ‘active’ ageing have become firmly embedded in research and policy over the past decade. The idea of ‘active ageing’ has been especially prominent in shaping policies towards older people, with a strong emphasis on the link between activity, labor force participation and health and well-being. However, this approach has run alongside the impact of declining social protection and rising levels of social inequality. This paper examines the tension between theories that emphasise productivity and participation on the one side, and a political economy promoting new forms of risk on the other. The paper explores the extent to which the concept of ‘precariousness’ can provide a framework to address the reality of unequal access to the ideals of ‘successful aging’ and the benefits of longevity. The paper provides an assessment of the policy implications of re-framing ageing from ‘active’ and ‘successful’ to ‘precarious’ and ‘insecure’.

An overview of the new growth theory is provided from both an analytical and empirical perspective. Following a historical outline and a brief analytical sketch of the R&D-based models, the results from fitting two structural models to data are presented. Results show the relative impacts on growth from trade and R&D-based policies including technological spillovers from trade. The mechanism of intersectoral adjustments to the long-run growth path is also discussed. Insights provided by the theory are related to agriculture from the view of agriculture in the context of the broader economy within which it must compete for resources, and in terms of growth in agricultural factor productivity as evidenced by the recent growth in genetic engineering. t is generally agreed that the world economy is in its second wave of globalization, with the first wave ending in the early 1900s, and the second wave beginning in the late 1950s to early 1960s. Contributors to this literature, such as Baldwin and Martin, draw heavily on the new growth theory to explain this transformation. Agriculture also has a role in this transformation. Technological advances have caused U.S. agriculture in the second wave to evolve from its classic role as an exporter of a relatively narrow class of primary commodities supported mostly by public research and development (R&D) expenditures, to a larger share of processed food products in exports, with an increasing array of attributes linked to private R&D efforts (Gopinath and Roe). The general task of this paper is to provide a relatively nontechnical discussion of the insights that the new growth theory provides into the linkages between growth and trade with particular attention to agriculture. The paper contains four major sections. The following section introduces the new theory by briefly

Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture, David Held, Anthony McGrevv, David Goldblatt, Jonathan Perraton (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999). 540 pp., paper (ISBN: 0-8047-3627-8), $29.95; cloth (ISBN: 0-8047-3625-1), $75.00. Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy, Daniele Archibugi, David Held, Martin Kohler, eds. (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998). 352 pp., paper (ISBN: 0-8047-3535). $22.95; cloth (ISBN: 0-8047-5344), $60.00. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, Kathryn Sikkink, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 318 pp., paper (ISBN: 0-521-65882-9), $22.95; cloth (ISBN: 0-521-65093-3). $59.95. Books reviewed in this article: David Held, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt, and Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture Daniele Archibugi, David Held, and Martin Kohler, (eds.) Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink, (eds.) The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change

Over the last two decades there has been a significant deterioration in the labour-market outcomes of less skilled labour in most OECD countries. This has manifested itself either in terms of a decline in wages relative to the most skilled, or in terms of the relative likelihood of being in work. Much recent research has focused on the impact of trade and skill-biased technical change as alternative explanations of the phe nomenon; some has also investigated the role of cross-border investment and migration. This paper reviews recent research on globalization and labour-market adjustment and sets the scene for the papers that follow.

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art work on agri-food Multinational Enterprises (MNEs), by discussing the current state-of-play and the tools at our disposal to expand knowledge. After a critical discussion of available data, new data from OECD are used to provide a broad overview of the role of MNEs in the agri-food Global Value Chains (GVCs) and to draw a few stylized facts. Data reveals that in the food, beverages and tobacco industry MNE activity is higher than on average, while in agriculture it is lower; North-South flows are increasing as well as the role of MNE in the agri-food GVCs. The review of theoretical and of empirical literature shows how modern trade theories provide us with a strong theoretical background which, together with improved firm-level and country-level data, may help explaining observed patterns and effectively orientate empirical analyses of agri-food MNEs in several directions.

Poverty, other forms of social inequality and human impacts on the environment are increasingly recognized as important, perhaps fundamental, health determinants. These determinants, in turn, are largely conditioned and constrained by economic practices, and by government legislation that regulates such practices or seeks to mitigate inequalities that arise from them. Over the past two decades the ability of national governments to intervene in economic practices has been reduced by two interrelated phenomena: the dominance of a neoliberal economic orthodoxy, which emphasizes free (unregulated) markets and a `minimal' welfare state, and the growth in regional and global free trade and investment agreements. There is mounting evidence that policies based on neoliberal economic theory, including free trade/investment agreements, may seriously undermine public health by increasing social inequalities, depleting natural resources and increasing environmental pollution. This evidence has sparked a call among many public interest non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and policy `think tanks' for appending strong `social clauses' to global trade and investment agreements to ensure that such agreements are socially just and environmentally sustainable. This paper proposes creation of a strong public health lobby, both nationally and internationally, to join with other public interest NGOs in the social clause campaign. It begins by defining and critiquing some of the basic tenets of neoliberal economic orthodoxy which underpin the push towards global free trade and investment agreements. It then describes the current status of these agreements, and provides examples of how such agreements might imperil public health. The paper then discusses the social clause initiative, and concludes by advancing a proposal for a public health lobby presence at those fora where trade and investment agreements are negotiated and monitored.

We examine the factors explaining the increase in gross and net income inequality in advanced economies since the 1980s. Our results support the view that globalization, technological progress, financial deregulation and lower top marginal tax rates are associated with higher inequality, and we find that the relation between the decline in union density and the rise in top decile income shares—a phenomenon which labour economists have long been discussing—is widespread across advanced economies. The influence of union density on top income shares appears to be causal, as evidenced by our instrumental variable estimates and the inclusion of potentially omitted variables.

Brexit, the wider populist surge in Europe and Trumpism all seem to involve interesting geographies that have been taken as clues to the worrying puzzle facing a political/academic establishment about what’s driving the surge and how might it be abated. One major theme has been that of the places left behind economically by an opening up to competition from cheap (migrant or overseas) labour – counterpointed by the idea that specific types of people have been left behind culturally. This paper attempts a less reductive approach, starting with examination of oddities in the Brexit geography and then investigating how populist support across European regions is influenced by the interaction of economic/demographic change with varying cosmopolitan/localist influences

The papers in this special issue contribute significantly to the discussion about translanguaging and pursue the critical discussion of multilingual practices while building on earlier work in urban sociolinguistics (Rampton 1995;Jørgensen 2008, inter alia), globalization (Blommaert 2010, inter alia), and on the research about language teaching and the multilingual subject (Kramsch 2009). The concept translanguaging glosses a contemporary linguistic reality, shaped by migration, mobility, and media in the conurbations of the 20th and 21st century and increasingly spreading out to the rest of the societies.

The objective of this paper is to identify the determinants of the increase in income inequality that OECD countries have experienced over the past two decades. My hypothesis is that along with the financialisation of economies that has taken place since 1990, inequality increased because labour flexibility intensified, labour market institutions weakened as trade unions lost power, and public social spending started to retrench and did not compensate for the vulnerabilities created by the globalisation process. Using data from 25 high-income OECD countries from 1990 to 2013, I empirically evaluate this hypothesis. My results clearly suggest that the increase in inequality over the past two decades is caused by an increase in financialisation, a deepening of labour flexibility, the weakening of trade unions and the retrenchment of the welfare state.

We propose a stylised dynamic model to understand the role of social networks in the phenomenon we call "globalization." This term refers to the process by which even agents who are geographically far apart come to interact, thus being able to overcome what would otherwise be a fast saturation of local opportunities. A key feature of our model is that the social network is the main channel through which agents exploit new opportunities. Therefore, only if the social network becomes global (heuristically, it "reaches far in few steps") can global interaction be steadily sustained. To shed light on the conditions under which such a transformation may, or may not, take place is the main objective of the paper. One of the main insights arising from the model is that, in order for the social network to turn global, the economy needs to display a degree of "geographical cohesion" that is neither too high (for then global opportunities simply do not arise) nor too low (then the meeting mechanism displays too little structure for the process to take off). But if globalization does materialize, we show that it is a robust state of affairs that often arises abruptly as key parameters change. This occurs, in particular, as the rate of arrival of ideas rises, or when there is a high enough increase in the range at which the network transmits information.

Consideration of the work of site selection consultants provides a window onto the frictions inherent in the location decision. In this paper, we draw upon interviews to interpret site selection consultants as intermediaries between a demand for locations emanating from MNEs and a supply of locations provided by national and subnational territories. We show how this intermediary role extends beyond the economizing on search costs and into the rarely appreciated market-creating and value adding opportunities offered by location. We also show how the knowledge mobilised by consultants is quintessentially geographical. Paradoxically, it is the geographical nature of the knowledge mobilised by site selection consultants that presents frictions to the professionalisation and globalisation of the industry despite its seminal role in promoting the mobility of economic activities. In conclusion, we explore elements of a future research agenda centred on the mediated nature of MNE location decisions.

This issue contains a collection of papers describing the state of animal laws, regulations, and standards in counties worldwide, grouped by geographic regions (i.e., North America, South America, Pacific Rim, Africa, and the Middle East). An overview of the US and Canadian legal requirements for animal welfare is provided, along with consideration of potential gaps in the US Animal Welfare Act. The EU Directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and its transposition is discussed, and challenges facing laboratory animal protection regimes in Latin America and the Pacific Rim are examined. Legislation for laboratory animal use has been enacted in India and Australia, while animal protection regimes have not yet been enacted in the Middle East and Africa. International harmonization is a particularly important challenge for the global scientific community and private accreditation by organizations such as AAALAC International, plays a key role in promoting high standards for animal care and use programs globally. This article highlights three future trends. First, international efforts at harmonization will continue, and seek to keep pace with the globalization of science. Second, nations that have not yet developed robust legal systems applicable to laboratory animal welfare will seek out the expertise of those nations that have well established regimes. Third, for countries with mature animal protection systems, animal use in research will continue to be of societal concern, and efforts to change existing laws will not abate. The opportunity to use animals in laboratory research is not an entitlement. It is a privilege accorded by society to certain members of the scientific community and along with it comes the responsibility to adhere to, and seek improvement in, applicable laws, regulations, policies and standards.

Should one expect convergence among MPA/MPP programs around the world, and in particularly among programs in the “Anglo-sphere” or among the Anglo-democracies, defined here as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. For reasons of shared history and language, one might expect convergence, but there are counter-arguments as well that note, for example, the rich diversity among American programs alone. The paper analyzes 99 programs drawn from among these countries to find an answer. The analysis is wider in scope and more granular than anything that has been done to date, with data that allow comparisons of: (1) subject matter emphasis between policy and management, (2) the amount of required quantitative content, and (3) program length (number of standardized courses required to graduate). After illustrating a standardized metric of comparison we show that the convergence hypothesis cannot be sustained. Our conclusion entertains several conjectures about why this might be the case.

The practice of securities holding, transfer, and collateral has changed significantly over the past 200 years—moving from paper certificates and issuer registers, to an intermediated environment, and from there to computerization and globalization. These changes have made transacting more efficient and thus rendered markets more liquid. However, the law has lagged behind and is now itself an obstacle to efficiency because international securities transactions are subject to considerable legal uncertainty. The latest global market development, a cryptographic transfer process commonly called the blockchain, is the most recent efficiency-enhancing change. It offers a unique possibility to create a consistent legal framework for securities from scratch, on the basis of a legal concept that, to some extent, resembles bearer securities. This article shows what the new international legal framework could look like in the light of experience gained from earlier developments.

This article is in three parts. Part 1 describes translation in relation to intercultural communication. Part 2 characterizes translation as intercultural communication designed to achieve intercultural understanding, which can be reached along two different paths: overt and covert translation (House 1977). These translation types and the notion of a ‘cultural filter’ are characterized. Part 3 addresses the impact globalization and global English is having on translation today. Today, we know little about how massive unidirectional translations from English into other languages influence discourse norms in these languages. The paper discusses relevant research into this important issue. While there are some signs that a new kind of overt translation is gaining ground, suppressing cultural filtering and causing Anglophone norms to ‘shine through’ in translation, other studies show that indigenous discourse norms remain intact.

The 1992 National History Day theme, "Discovery, Encounter, Exchange in History: the Seeds of Change," presents an opportunity for students and teachers to investigate topics related to the Columbian voyages and their legacies. The 1992 theme challenges students to explore the multicultural aspects and interrelation ships of diverse populations before and after the initial encounter and subsequent exchanges between two hemispheres. National History Day, which occurs annually in June, is the culmination of a series of contests at successively higher levels. Throughout the school year, stu dents engage in extensive reading and re search of original sources and outstanding scholarship in order to prepare papers, projects, performances, and media presen tations, based on an annual historical theme. The 1992 theme is broad enough in scope to suggest topics ranging from community to world history. The Columbian encounter had a pro found affect on all of mankind; its conse quences were immediate and long term. We continue to feel its effects as we ap proach the twenty-first century. The voy ages set off an enormous set of interrelated affects which offer scores of possible top ics for further research and study. The events of 1492 created a demographic revo lution. Disease and conquest had a disas trous effect on the native populations of the Americas, while the introduction of new food stu ffs generated a rise in the European population. The events also touched off new divisions in the world's labor supply and the globalization of the world economy. A global, political transformation evolved as well, setting off the rise of global em pires and colonization. One result was the largest genetic and cultural intermingling of Europeans, Africans, and native Ameri cans in history. Students may choose topics related to these and other issues for investigation and presentation in National History Day entries. Whatever the topics students choose to investigate, they must be sure to relate the topic to the theme "Discovery, Encounter, Exchange in History." Students interested in Christopher Columbus and his impact on history must first ask questions about the term "discover" when analyzing sources and their relationship to the theme. Is the word "discovery" appropriate when dis cussing Columbus's contribution in his tory? Students may wish to study various aspects of the initial encounters between the Europeans and the Native Americans or the Africans. What kind of encounter occurred? Is the term "encounter" too sanitized or weak when used to describe the events that took place? Or, students may be interested in analyzing the impact of the exchanges of disease and food stuffs between the two worlds. Although the National History Day theme is related to the Columbian Quincentenary, it is in fact much broader. Students are not required to study topics related to the initial encounter and ex changes between the two worlds in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but may investigate topics in other areas pro vided that the topics chosen are related to the theme. For example, a project might analyze the impact of a particular scientific discovery in history; a media presentation might be developed that examines the voy age of southern blacks to northern states and their encounter with the inner cities; or a paper might focus on cultural exchanges or contributions from a particular immi grant group in the United States. These are only a few of the scores of topics available for study. Whatever topic is chosen?Christopher Columbus or Lewis and Clark, the Spanish missionaries among the native Americans or the African diaspora, the impact of maize on European society or the effects of African religion on the peoples of the Caribbean?studies must include evidence of primary and secondary research and must indicate the topic's sig nificance in history. After months of his torical research and interpretation of the materials, students may develop projects and use the National History Day array of local, state, and national competitions as a forum to demonstrate their scholarly ex ploration of "Discovery, Encounter, Ex change in History." In 1992 the educational activities as sociated with National History Day will reflect the theme itself. Students will discover appropriate source materials for rigorous research, encounter the evidence upon which historical scholarship is based, and exchange their presentations and newly gained knowledge with their peers at His tory Day competitions.