Search

Insecticides can have consequences for beneficial arthropods. Insect parasitoids can contact insecticides through direct exposure spray droplets or residues on crop foliage. Here, we focus on better understand the response of Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael), a parasitoid wasp of lepidopteran pests, and its detoxification mechanisms on stress caused by phoxim and cypermethrin. Hence, we determined the dose–mortality curves and estimating the sublethal concentrations (LC30 and LC50). Then, we applied the sublethal concentrations against adult parasitoids to assess its survival, parasitism efficacy, and also developmental and morphometric parameters of their offspring. Simultaneously, we check the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and peroxidase (POD) after sublethal exposure of both insecticides, which has measured until 48 h after treatment. Overall, phoxim and cypermethrin exhibited acute lethal activity toward the parasitoid with LC50 values 4.608 and 8.570 mg/liter, respectively. Also, we detect that LC30 was able to trigger the enzymatic activity of GST, AChE, and POD, suggesting a potential detoxification mechanism. However, even when subjected to sublethal exposure, our results indicate strong negatives effects, in particular for phoxim, which has affected the parasitism efficacy and also the developmental and morphometric parameters of M. pulchricornis offspring. Therefore, it can be concluded that both phoxim and cypermethrin have negative impacts on M. pulchricornis and we suggest cautioning their use and the need for semifield and field assessments to confirm such an impact.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:00:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-02-01 Millipedes are ecologically important soil organisms and may also be an economically threatening species in rural and urban areas when population outbreaks occur. In order to control infestations commercial formulations of deltamethrin have been commonly applied, even though there are few studies about the effects of such insecticide on millipedes. This paper describes the effects of this insecticide on millipedes showing neurotoxic effects assessed by synapsin labeling and confocal microscopy. Deltamethrin concentrations related to the DL50 of the active ingredient and a field concentration were applied topically in the diplopod Gymnostreptus olivaceus to evaluate the behavior, mortality rate, and synapsin levels in the brain 12, 24, and 48h after contact with deltamethin. The insecticide caused mortality at the higher concentrations employed, in which no change was observed in neurotransmission in the survivors. In contrast, at field concentrations, deltamethrin did not cause any deaths, but triggered significant changes in synapsin levels. The results obtained form the synapsin labeling provide several interpretations suggesting that the isolated application of this tool must be associated with additional tools in order to evaluate biologically induced effects of deltamethrin in an accurate way. In addition, the feasibility of chemical control of millipedes with deltamethrin is questioned. Departamento de Biologia Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza (CICV) Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza (ILACVN) Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA), Avenida Silvio Américo Sasdelli, 1842 Departamento de Ciências da Natureza Matemática e Educação Centro de Ciências Agrárias Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Via Anhanguera, Km 174 Departamento de Biologia Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), are important pests of corn in Brazil and have not been successfully managed, because of the difficulty of managing them with pesticides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Bt corn MON810, transformed with a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) insecticide seed treatment, and foliar insecticide spray using treatments developed for control of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is the major pest of corn. The experiments were done under field conditions in early- and late-planted corn in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and in the laboratory. The MON810 corn reduced infestations and damage by D. saccharalis and H. zea. The insecticides used in seed treatments or foliar sprays did not affect D. saccharalis and H. zea infestations or damage levels. The exception was the insecticide seed treatment in non-transformed corn, which reduced early infestations of D. saccharalis. The MON810 corn, therefore, can be used for managing these two pest species, especially D. saccharalis.

Economic evaluations of integrated pest management strategies are becoming increasingly important as restrictions on conventional insecticides continue to become more stringent and chemical control costs rise. Aerosol treatments with insect growth regulators alone and in combination with conventional contact insecticides may be a feasible alternative to expensive and highly toxic fumigants such as methyl bromide for control of the Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)). Average calculated mortality of Indianmeal moth eggs exposed to surface applied methoprene, aerosol methoprene alone and in combination with esfenvalerate and synergized pyrethrins is 55.0, 69.0, and 94.6%, respectively. Temperature effects on development time makes frequency and timing of insecticide applications very important as evidenced by simulations of population levels in response to a variety of treatment dates by diet, and become critical in situations where survival of Indianmeal moth is high. Using a measurement of risk that is equal to deviations below a target mortality goal (99%), we are able to optimize cost and frequency of application using simulated mortality data for each of the treatment strategies. Optimal timing of each insecticide treatment depends heavily on the rate of development by diet. This type of analysis helps pest control operators and managers by showing consequences of treatment scenarios in time and cost.

The effectiveness of two doses of suspension concentrate (SC) pyrethroid insecticides in suppressing peridomestic populations of Triatoma infestans (Klug) was evaluated in 28 rural communities located in Santiago del Estero province, northwestern Argentina, including 388 houses and 1,516 identiÞed sites. Four treatments were randomly assigned to peridomiciles within each community: 5% SC -cypermethrin at standard (S, 50 mg active ingredient [AI]/m2 ) and double dose (2S), and 2.5% SC deltamethrin at standard (D, 25 mg [AI]/m2 ) and double dose (2D). Simultaneously, we assessed the effects of both pyrethroids applied at standard doses against domestic infestations. Bug infestation at the site level was assessed by timed manual collections with a dislodging agent at baseline, 13 and 21 mo postspraying (MPS). In domiciles, D and S nearly suppressed all T. infestansinfestations up to 21MPS. In peridomestic sitesinfested beforeinterventions, multiplelogistic regression analysis showed that site-level reinfestation at 13 MPS was signiÞcantly lower for treatment 2D (1%) than for other treatments, whereas 2S (6%), D (5%), and S (14%) did not differ signiÞcantly between them. The risk of reinfestation after spraying was signiÞcantly greater in goat or pig corrals than in other peridomestic ecotopes (in which treatments did not differ signiÞcantly), and in sites infested before interventions than in uninfested sites. The application of SC deltamethrin at double dose in goat or pig corrals may suppress T. infestans foci and achieve more sustained effects in the dry Chaco. Fil: Cecere, Maria Carla. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Vazquez Prokopec, Gonzalo Martin. University Of Emory; Estados Unidos. National Institutes of Health; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Ceballos, Leonardo A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina Fil: Boragno, Silvana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina Fil: Zárate, Joaquín E.. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Programa Nacional de Control de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Kitron, Uriel. University Of Emory; Estados Unidos. National Institutes of Health; Estados Unidos Fil: Gurtler, Ricardo Esteban. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

The green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say) \[ Chinavia hilaris (Say)\] (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the most damaging native stink bug species in the United States. It is a pest of economic importance in a variety of commodities, including cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), and peaches [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch].Stink bug feeding can result in cosmetic damage as well as reduced quality and yield. Acrosternum hilare and other stink bugs have become a major challenge to integrated pest management systems because control options are basically limited to the application of broad-spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. However, neonicotinoids are generally effective for control of this stink bug and may be less disruptive to natural enemies. Further options for stink bug management that are being explored include the use of trap crops and enhancing beneficial parasitoid populations. The green stink bug is native and found throughout the United States. It has a wide host range, and is a pest of many agricultural commodities. The green stink bug can cause feeding injury to fruit, vegetable, and field crops that may require preventative management. Many strategies are available for its control, which include multiple chemical, cultural, and biological options. Broad-spectrum insecticides such as pyrethroids and organophosphates, as well as the less toxic neonicotinoids, are efficacious against the green stink bug. Cultural options, including trap cropping and the planting of resistant varieties, have been documented as decreasing crop injury by stink bugs. In addition, there are multiple natural enemies that reduce population numbers.

Chemical control of competing vegetation with hexazinone is a common and effective silvicultural treatment for ensuring ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) plantation success on dry sites in the western United States, yet few studies document the effect for more than the first few years after planting. This study, re-evaluated 20 years after planting, followed ponderosa pine growth and survival when hexazinone was applied in broadcast and spot treatments for control of competing vegetation. We continued work from the first 5 years after establishment that identified early differences in ponderosa pine seedling survival and growth with treatment. Examination of 20-year trends indicated that individual tree volume and volume per hectare continued to diverge among treatments. The economic differences among treatments may increase as more surviving, faster-growing trees in the broadcast treatments reach higher-value products sooner. Initial control of competing vegetation increased the likelihood of seedling survival and increased tree size after 20 years. Results pertained to ponderosa pine of the Douglas-fir/spiraea (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca Beissn./Spiraea betulifolia Pall.) and Douglas-fir/common snowberry (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca Beissn./Symphoricarpos albus [L.] S. F. Blake) plant associations in northeastern Oregon, but they should apply to similar sites throughout much of the intermountain West.

We summarize theoretical approaches and practice of rodent pest control in Russia and former USSR during last 50 years. We review literature as well as original data to understand mechanisms of rodent populations recovery after chemical control campaigns in urban areas, agricultural lands and natural foci of plague. Laboratory and field experiments indicate that inherent individual variation in behavioural, physiological and life-history traits provides survival of heterogeneous mix of individuals in residual population with increased resistance to poisonous baits and high reproductive potential that leads to fast recovery of a population. In a series of field experiments with various rodent and lagomorph species (Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Meriones unguiculatus, M.meridianus, M.tamariscinus, Ochotona pallasii) we have shown that patterns of recolonization of depopulated area and mechanisms of population recovery vary among species and depend on species-specific social organization. After control territorial and group-living species demonstrated an increase in mobility and affiliative and marking behaviour and a decrease in intraspecific aggression. The rate of recolonization of treated areas was high due to redistribution of survived individuals and immigration by neighbors. Population recovered to original level due to increased breeding performance and fecundity of both survived residents and immigrants. In contrast socially-independent species exhibited minor changes in behaviour. Recolonization was mainly due to better survival and recruitment of youngs, so the rate of recolonization was low. Species-specificity of behavioural compensation mechanisms to control should be considered when developing ecologically based rodent management strategies.

The risk associated with spread of Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), from infested areas in New York City to the wide array of landfills across the eastern United States contracted by the city since 1997 was unknown, but of great concern. Landfills, some as far as South Carolina, Virginia, and Ohio, occupied forest types and climates at high risk of Asian longhorned beetle establishment. The city proposed a separate waste wood collection known as the "311 System;" this was estimated to cost federal and state agencies $6.1 to $9.1 million per year, including the cost of processing and disposal of the wood. Pathway analysis was used to quantify the probability that Asian longhorned beetle present in wood waste collected at curbside would survive transport, compaction, and burial to form a mated pair. The study found that in seven alternate management scenarios, risks with most pathways are very low, especially given existing mitigations. Mitigations included chemical control, removal of infested trees, and burial of wood waste in managed landfills that involved multiple-layering, compaction, and capping of dumped waste with a 15-cm soil cover at the end of each day. Although the risk of business-as-usual collection and disposal practices was virtually nil, any changes of policy or practice such as illegal dumping or disposal at a single landfill increased the risk many thousandfold. By rigorously maintaining and monitoring existing mitigations, it was estimated that taxpayers would save $75 to $122 million dollars over the next decade.

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGIST • Summer 2004 Located more than 5,000 km west of Hawaii, the Marianas are among the most distant of the U.S.-affiliated islands in the Pacific. The Mariana Islands were taken from the Japanese by U.S. forces in 1944 in some of the bloodiest battles of the Pacific. The Northern Mariana Islands—all of the islands except for Guam—were administered as a Trust Territory by the United States until 1978, when they became a U.S. commonwealth. In 1986, the indigenous islanders—Chamorros and Carolinians—became U.S. citizens. Many federal programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to protect and support U.S. agriculture are established in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). These include the U.S. Cooperative Extension Service, which is administered through Northern Marianas College (NMC). I worked as an agricultural entomologist for the Cooperative Extension Service in the CNMI in 2001. The U.S. Cooperative Extension Service is established at land grant institutions in each of the former Trust Territories of the Pacific. In addition to the CNMI, these include the Republic of Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of Management of Arthropod Pests of

In a controlled laboratory study, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) applied to carpets with a carpet-cleaning machine at a rate of 509 ml DOT/8.15 liter H2O/100 m2 (two cups DOT/2 gal H2O/100 feet2) reduced survival and population growth of live Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus by > or = 98% compared with water-cleaned and uncleaned carpets at 8 wk postcleaning. Cleaning with DOT was more effective against D. pteronyssinus than D. farinae.

Optically active (1S, 2'S)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide (SS220) is a new synthetic arthropod repellent. A three-step synthesis based on a chiral Diels-Alder reaction and diastereomeric resolution of 2-methylpiperidine was developed to prepare the compound. Quantitative laboratory assays using human volunteers compared the effectiveness of SS220 with the commonly used repellents Deet and Bayrepel against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Anopheles stephensi Liston mosquitoes. In two experiments using Aedes aegypti, one using a single identical dose and one with varying doses used to develop a dose-response curve, SS220 was as effective as Deet and both compounds were more effective than Bayrepel. The three compounds were equally effective against An. stephensi. Based on the ease of its synthetic preparation and its repellent efficacy, we surmise that SS220 is a candidate to serve as a new and effective alternate repellent for protection against arthropod disease vectors.

In a Central Michigan wetland setting, air drawn through a DEET-impregnated screen using an electric fan and projected toward a human subject significantly reduced mosquito orientation by 74%, landing by 75%, and probing by 70%, relative to no applied wind or DEET. The DEET vapor effect was significant as revealed by a statistically significant wind/DEET interaction. The wind speed at the downwind human subject was 0.6 m/s and the DEET vapor concentration was estimated at 2 microg/liter air. We suggest a combination of directed wind and volatile repellent might be developed as a mosquito deterrent strategy for the backyard setting.

The correlation equation for the concentration-mortality curve of a specific pesticide and a control pesticide was used to adapt the effectiveness data from residual activity tests to the corresponding chemical application concentration, to calculate the constant with the decreasing speed equation, and to calculate the application dose necessary to maintain an equal residual effect period by the same equation. The calculated value is the amount of pesticide needed to perform with the same efficiency as the control pesticide (effectiveness and period of effectiveness), which is vitally important to effectively select an appropriate pesticide.

Studies were conducted to evaluate the mortality of blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, flies exposed to thiamethoxam- and imidacloprid-coated biodegradable (8-cm-diameter) red spheres, under both laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory studies with spheres coated with 0.1-2.0% (AI) of thiamethoxam indicated that they are effective against R. mendax; however, no dose-dependent response was observed. Studies on the effect of visitation time on thiamethoxam-coated spheres showed a decrease in R. mendax mortality as the duration of visitation time decreased from 60 to 10 s. Under field conditions, significantly more flies were captured on Plexiglas panes below the 2% (AI) thiamethoxam-coated spheres when compared with similar panes below untreated spheres. In field evaluations of thiamethoxam- and imidacloprid-coated spheres, imidacloprid-coated spheres (2.0% [AI]) were found to be significantly more effective than thiamethoxam-coated spheres (0.5-4.0% [AI]). Field trials to characterize the levels of mortality associated with aging pesticide-coated spheres revealed that the effectiveness of treated spheres decreased with increasing age of sphere, and this reduction in effectiveness is greater in thiamethoxam-coated spheres than in imidacloprid-coated spheres. These results provide comparative data on the effectiveness of thiamethoxam- and imidacloprid-coated spheres and support the potential of using pesticide-treated spheres for control of blueberry maggot flies.

In 1989, a high frequency (89%) of Heterobasidion annosum, cause of annosus root disease, was found in true fir stumps cut 5 to 9 yr earlier in northeastern Oregon. Despite high stump infection levels, mortality of surrounding regeneration was very low (1.4%) in 1989 and even lower (0.7%) in 1999. High-elevation mixed-conifer stands in northeastern Oregon are often overstocked with regeneration. This regen-eration often includes H. annosum-susceptible species such as grand fir and subalpine fir and H. annosum-tolerant species such as Douglas-fir, Engelmann spruce, and western larch. The recommendation to treat true fir stumps with boron-containing products to prevent infection by H. annosum is discussed. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4):189–194.

Five years of data on vegetation dynamics and succession are provided for six operational release treatments applied to three 2- to 4-yr-old jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) plantations in central Ontario. Treatments included 3 yr of annual noncrop vegetation removal, conventional aerial spray with glyphosate (1.42 kg ae/ha), ground application of glyphosate with a mist blower, basal-bark application of triclopyr, motor-manual cutting (brush saw), and no treatment. Conventional aerial spraying and annual removal resulted in the greatest jack pine crop growth, with trees exceeding 90% crown closure, 7 cm in groundline diameter, and 3 m in height (stem volume index = 5.1 dm³) after 5 growing seasons. The cover of herbaceous plants was highest (30–50%) in the aerial spray plots during the observation period. Deciduous tree, shrub, and fern species remained well represented on these plots, although total cover and height were low (≤ 35% and 1 m, respectively). Mist-blower and brush-saw plots contained mid-sized pine (3.5 dm³) with 69% crown closure. In contrast, untreated and basal-bark plots contained the smallest pine (2.3 dm3 and 31% crown closure), likely caused by heavy competition and herbicide damage, respectively. On mist-blower and basal-bark plots, good height growth was observed on untreated deciduous trees; low-shrub and fern cover remained high (46 and 30%, respectively); and herbaceous cover increased gradually to 22%. On brush-saw plots, recovery of woody cover was rapid, but height growth was relatively slow. Deciduous trees and tall shrubs dominated untreated sites (> 70% cover) by the end of the fifth growing season. Successional trends suggest that aerial spray and annual removal treatments will produce pure jack pine stands at maturity; mist blower, basal bark, and brush-saw treatments may produce mixedwood stands; and untreated plots will likely be dominated by hardwoods. North. J. Appl. For. 17(3):100–109.

A reforestation experiment was established to test the growth of three pine species on two different surface-mined sites in the Appalachian coalfields of southwest Virginia. One site was mined just prior to enactment of the 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA), and one site was mined and reclaimed to its approximate original contour in accordance with post-SMCRA regulations. Three pine species (Pinus taeda, P. virginiana, and P. strobus) were planted on each site in 1981. A fertilization and an herbaceous weed control treatment were tested. Half the plots were fertilized with a 21 g fertilizer tablet at time of planting and a broadcast application of 50 kg/ha N as ammonium nitrate prior to the fourth growing season. Each plot was split to accommodate an herbaceous weed control treatment during the first 3 yr. After 11 yr, all three tree species grew very well on the prelaw bench site, but were less productive on the postlaw AOC site. The fastest growing species was loblolly pine, which averaged 22 ft tall. Aggressive herbaceous ground covers commonly established on surface-mined land to reduce erosion were successfully controlled by herbicides, resulting in a significant improvement in survival and growth for all tree species. Fertilization as used in this study had little effect on growth and was not as beneficial for tree establishment as the herbicide treatment. The performance of these commercial tree species in this study demonstrates that good forest management opportunities exist for the owners of surface-mined land. North. J. Appl. For. 17(3):95–99.

The effects of soil fumigation with chloropicrin alone or in combination with metham sodium and or with EPTC on the growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings and on nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) control were investigated at three forest tree nurseries. Fumigation with chloropicrin plus metham sodium (CMS) significantly increased seedling numbers and growth compared to controls. Averaged among nurseries, mean root-collar-diameter increased from 0.14 to 0.17 in., and biomass from 0.14 to 0.20 lb/ft2. This produced seven more plantable seedlings and 6.5 more grade 1 seedlings/ft2 in CMS compared to not fumigated plots. Fumigation increased average potential sales $7,100/ac and increased present values, projected for the growth increases for additional grade 1 seedlings, by $25,900/ac. Fumigation increased biomass per unit area similarly at tested bed densities (10 to 29/ft2), but at low bed densities (≤20/ft2) the present values associated with grade 1 seedlings increased more than at higher densities. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):135-139.

The resting behavior of Aedes aegypti (L.) adults was investigated in 14 districts of Panama City, Panama, in relation to ground ultra-low volume (ULV) applications of malathion. Adults primarily rested inside the premises (75.1%) at a distance6 m from the street (86.4%). Both sexes rested mainly in bedrooms, living rooms, and bathrooms. The small ULV aerosol droplets (2-4 microns) penetrated all indoor resting sites of Ae. aegypti, but in low amounts. Because of the low amount of insecticide reaching the primary resting sites within the premises, limited control of the Ae. aegypti was obtained. This limited the potential effectiveness of ground vehicle ULV applied insecticide as a dengue epidemic control method.

Cellulosic bait matrices containing 0.5% hexaflumuron were tested against field colonies of the subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren in Malaysia. Foraging activities of the termites were first monitored for several months by using survey stakes and wood bundles placed in underground monitoring traps. Infested stakes were replaced with bait devices. Termite workers to act as recruits were collected from infested stakes and placed in the bait devices. Subsequent activities of the termites were monitored by examining and weighing the wood in the monitoring traps. Data show that the four colonies had populations of 166,288-709,052 foragers and mean wood consumption rates of 305.9-508.2 g/mo per trap. These colonies ceased their activities at all monitoring devices 25-44 d after baiting had commenced. Colonies consumed approximately 27-79 g of bait matrix or 137.5-395 mg of hexaflumuron. Thus, C. curvignathus colonies could be monitored, characterized, baited, and foraging eliminated by using a bait matrix containing hexaflumuron.

An artificial membrane, blood-feeding method was used to assess the repellent and antifeedant effects of derivatives of salicylic acid on the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebeur. Trans-2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 6-methylsalicylic acid, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, and salicyluric acid caused highly significant inhibition of feeding, with salicyluric acid performing significantly greater than the other compounds. Investigating the effects of alkyl substitution of salicylic acid, o-thymotic and o-cresotic acids were also effective. A pilot clinical trial using salicyluric acid indicated that it provided a protective effect and it was hypothesized that this may have resulted primarily from contact, because no significant repellent effects were shown for this compound in a microscope slide test, designed to demonstrate repellency with volatile compounds.

Tolerance of three pine species to postemergence applications of clopyralid was examined at ten southern nurseries over a 2 yr period. The herbicide was applied at various times during May, June, and July. At time of lifting, seedling morphology was evaluated (root-collar diameter, shoot height, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and longleaf pine (P. palustdds Mill.) were tolerant to 210 to 840 g acid equivalent (ae)/ha. However, epinasty was occasionally observed on both loblolly pine and slash pine. The injury symptoms were ephemeral and seedlings appeared normal 3 months after treatment. Results from these tests suggest some pine species are tolerant to this herbicide at the seedling stage. As a result of this research, this herbicide can be legally used in many southern pine nurseries to control troublesome weeds such as sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), Florida beggerweed (Desmodium tortuosum [Sw.] DC.), horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) and other annual broadleaf weeds. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):51-56.

Events leading to integrated pest management (IPM) have been addressed in depth (e.g., Bottrell 1979, Flint and Van den Bosch 1981, Metcalf and Luckmann 1994), allowing a truncated treatment here by way of introduction. World War II (1939-1945) mobilized the intellectual and industrial efforts of scientists and engineers to devise solutions to a wide range of problems. Breakthroughs in chemistry and engineering proved especially important to agriculture by developing and delivering chemicals to protect human-valued resources. DDT and 2-4-D were the harbingers of a wave of pesticides that appeared to herald the end of pest problems and the need for specialized scientists to study them. The success of these pesticides lasted about a generation before spectacular failures chronicled problems of pesticide resistance and pollution for the general public. Familiar milestones in this journey are the seminal papers on integrated control (Stern et al. 1959, Geier and Clark 1961), Silent Spring by Carson (1962), the Mrak Commission Report (USDHEW 1969), the NAS Report (Anonymous 1969), and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order in 1972. IPM emerged to resolve these pesticide problems, and significant funding for the development and delivery of these IPM programs through research and Extension began with programs such as the Huffaker project in 1972 (P.L. Adkisson, personal communication). Entomologists were at the forefront of developing IPM because insecticides lost efficacy and public confidence due to resistance and pollution before fungicides and herbicides encountered similar difficulties. This was leadership born of desperation with a failed chemical control paradigm compounded by unanticipated adverse effects on

Different densities of red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were exposed for 1 h on concrete with 20, 40, 60, or 80% of the total area treated with 200 mg/m 2 of 20% [(AI) ] cyfluthrin wettable powder. Residual bioassays were repeated 4 times at monthly intervals. Population density did not affect knockdown or survival of red flour beetles. The percentage of beetles still mobile after they were exposed decreased as the percentage of treated area increased, and there was no significant difference with respect to month. Survival decreased as the percentage of treated concrete increased and increased with each successive monthly bioassay. When beetles were knocked down after exposure, survival was higher for beetles knocked down on untreated concrete compared with treated concrete in 9 out of 16 comparisons. The presence of untreated pockets within a treated area could enable some of the insects to partially survive exposure to cyfluthrin in field applications.

Red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were exposed for 0.5, 1, and 2 h at 20, 25, 30, and 35°C on concrete treated with 100 mg/m2 20% (AI) cyfluthrin wettable powder (WP) at biweekly intervals for 8 wk. Knockdown typically averaged 80–100% at all exposure intervals and temperatures until week 8, with no significant differences among temperatures. Although the overall F -test indicated a significant difference in survival among the 3 exposure intervals, the only significant difference detected was at week 4. After week 0, beetles exposed at 25, 30, and 35°C began to recover from knockdown, and by week 6 survival was at least 90%, with 1 exception. Survival of beetles exposed at 20°C was 0.0 and 7.5% for weeks 0 and 2, and

Analysis of bioassays data from experiments with mixtures require use of special statistical techniques, especially when responses are recorded over time. Often, response curves from bioassays with mixtures do not fit a probit or logit curve. In addition, observations recorded over time are not independent. As a result, standard statistical packages for probit or logit analysis are not applicable. In these bioassay s. the shape of the response curve depends on the type of interactions between mixture components. Here we present models that describe response (e.g., mortality) curves over time when mixtures are applied to insects. The shapes of the response curves depend on the modes of both action and interaction between the mixture compounds. We describe a procedure to assess whether the assumed modes of interaction (e.g., independent action or similar action additive models) are appropriate. We demonstrate use of the statistical methods with data obtained when a baculovirus and a synthetic organic insecticide were mixed.

Chlorpyrifos degradation in sub-slab sand was studied using concrete plots of small or large (16×) size. Degradation half-life ( k ) for chlorpyrifos in sub-slab sand from small plots was faster (≈4.5 mo) than that measured from any of the 3 distance zones of large plots (≈15.9–21.6 mo). There was a tendency for more rapid degradation toward the slab edge of a large plot or edge effects. Some chlorpyrifos at the slab edge may have been released into the atmosphere or may have degraded more rapidly than inner zones because of more exposure to environmental factors such as water immersion or temperature fluctuation. Chlorpyrifos beneath a small plot degraded faster ( k = 4.5 mo) than that of the outer zone of a large plot ( k = 15.9 mo) because the edge effects affected small plots from 4 sides, whereas only 1 or 2 sides of outer zones of large plots contained a slab edge. Because a typical house may occupy a much larger area, results from simulated field evaluation studies using miniature plots may substantially underestimate chlorpyrifos longevity.

Phenology was monitored throughout the year for each generation of Rhyacionia frustrana in eastern North Carolina and Virginia. Male moths caught in pheromone-baited traps indicated that three generations occur annually in this region. Generally, the first generation adult emergence began in mid-March, the second in early June, and the third in mid-July. The mean thermal requirements to complete one R. frustrana generation was 579.8 degree-days (°C), but varied somewhat by generation and location. A simple spray technique is reviewed and new data are presented to predict spray dates using trap catch data and degree-day summations. South. J. Appl. For. 23(1):30-38.

A natural colony of Reticulitermes speratus (Kolbe), the foraging population and territory of which had been estimated previously by a triple mark-recapture program at the Uji campus of Kyoto University, was used to determine the effect of bait applications. Bait stations and bait tubes containing hexaflumuron were placed in the foraging territory in October 1995 to eradicate the colony. The number of monitoring stations with foraging termites decreased after May 1996 and no attack was observed by July 1996. Because a later inspection in October 1996 demonstrated no further termite attacks of monitoring stations in the foraging territory, the colony that was composed originally of >300,000 foraging termites was considered to be eliminated by bait application. Approximately 33 mg of hexaflumuron was consumed by the colony. Ten months after the end of bait application (May 1997) some termites were present at 3 monitoring stations in the foraging territory of the eradicated colony. Reinfestation of a few more stations was found after June 1997. Because no marked termite individuals were recaptured from any station in the foraging territory of the test colony after elimination by baitings, it was impossible to determine whether this group of termites belonged to the original colony or came from a separate colony. Our results supggest limited applicability of mark-release-recapture methodology to determine colony eradication of R. speratus based on the presence or absence of marked termites.

Laboratory bioassays assessed differences in the protection time provided by the repellent deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) against 5-d-old nulliparous and 10-, 15-, and 20-d-old nulliparous and parous female Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles albimanus (Weidemann), and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say sensu lato. Mean protection time was shortest against An. albimanus (1.6 h) and An. quadrimaculatus (1.5 h) and longest against Ae. aegypti (6.5 h), but was not significantly influenced by mosquito age or parity. Mean percentage of biting at repellent failure time was highest in An. albimanus (14.2%), followed by An. quadrimaculatus (7.0%) and Ae. aegypti (2.9%), was higher in parous females (10.8%) than in nulliparous females (5.9%), and was highest overall (35%) in 20-d-old parous An. albimanus. Interaction between mosquito species and parity and between parity and age factors, respectively, resulted from a significant decrease in percentage of biting by parous An. quadrimaculatus compared with other females, and a significant increase in biting by 20-d-old parous females compared with other females. The main finding of this study is that repellent protection time is unaffected by parity; this is important because parous mosquitoes are the primary target of personal-protection measures in disease-endemic areas. When repellent failure did occur, there was a higher risk of bite by old, parous An. albimanus than for any other species, age, or parity grouping of females.

Targeted and conventional (perimeter spray) insecticide application strategies were compared in 3 geographically distinct urban areas of Alabama. Cockroach abundance in sticky traps did not correspond to the known north-south climate gradient in Alabama. Greatest mean catch was in Mobile, and least in Auburn. Despite varying environmental and ecological conditions across Alabama, similar reductions and recovery rates of smokybrown cockroach abundance were observed in all 3 urban areas for 3 different treatments (perimeter spray, targeted spray, and 2-bait combination). A 2-bait combination was more effective in reducing smokybrown cockroach catch than a conventional perimeter spray, whereas a 3-liter targeted spray performed as well as perimeter sprays. Less insecticide was applied using targeted applications than perimeter sprays. Targeted applications of either baits or sprays did not require significantly more time to apply than a perimeter spray.

Red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were exposed for 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h on concrete treated with 20% cyfluthrin wettable powder at rates of 100, 150, and 200 mg (20, 30, and 40 mg [AI]/m 2 ). Beetle recovery was assessed at 0, 24, 48, and 168 h postexposure, and residual bioassays were conducted at 3-wk intervals for 24 wk after treatment. At the low application rate of 100 mg/m 2 , initial knockdown after exposure increased as the exposure interval increased, but by week 18, 60-80% of the beetles had recovered and were mobile after 168 h postexposure. As the application rate increased to 150 and 200 mg/m 2 , initial knockdown increased as the exposure interval increased, and survival decreased after 168 h postexposure. The percentage of beetles that remained mobile after they were exposed on the treated concrete was usually correlated with the percentage that were active at 168 h postexposure. Of the 48 possible concentration-exposure-recovery combinations, 4 were described by nonlinear regression, 33 were described by linear regression, and regressions on week were not significant for the remaining 11 combinations (P ≥ 0.05). The period during which survival was

Two strains of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), with low-level chlorpyrifos resistance were given a choice between a chlorpyrifos bait and an alternate food source. Survivors were mated, their progeny tested, and the procedure repeated for 5 generations on 1 strain and 7 on the other. Selection caused mortality to drop from 50 to 9.2% in 1 strain and from 38 to 6.7% in the other. Percentage bait consumption (amount of bait consumed divided by total food consumption) was >50% of that in the parent strains. Physiological resistance tended to increase slightly in 1 strain but to decrease in the other. Increased avoidance was the major cause of the drop in mortality.

The genetics of endosulfan resistance in Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), was studied through classical crosses to determine the degree of dominance and number of genes involved. After adult beetles were sprayed, mortality was recorded at 6 h and 7 d. Tests of the males from reciprocal F 1 crosses indicated that resistance is sex-linked or that paternal chomosomes are inactive in the sons. Responses of F 1 females after 6 h indicated degrees of dominance of -0.38 ± 0.03 and -0.25 ± 0.03 for RR X S and SS X R crosses, respectively. In contrast, dominance after 7 d was -0.17 ± 0.02 and -0.02 ± 0.02, apparently indicating a trend toward cordominance over time. Responses of backcrosses of the F 1 generation to both parental lines and of F 2 progeny were inconsistent with results predicted when assuming simple Menilelian inheritance. These results illustrate the practical weaknesses of backcrosses in estimating the number of genes that control resistance in situations where bioassays are inconsistent or where discrimination between genotypes is poor.

A glass vial technique was developed to estimate the toxicity of oregano phosphorus, carbonate, cyclocliene, and pyre throed insecticides to the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Bohemian, and to monitor field populations for tolerance to such insecticides. In tests in which responses of the USDA Ebony strain boll weevils were compared With those collected in the field in the Bravos Valley, TX, in 1988, tolerance to oregano phosphorus, pyre throed, and carbonate insecticides was demonstrated. The usefulness of the glass vial technique for monitoring tolerance was confirmed in 1991 and 1992 by field data from Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Sonora, Mexico. These tests indicated tolerance to oregano phosphorus and pyre throed insecticides in several boll weevil populations. Tolerance monitoring may be a useful technique in the implementation of boll weevil eradication programs.

A binomial model for insecticide application was developed from counts of cabbage looper equivalents on cabbage grown on Prince Edward island, Canada, from 1988 to 1991. A threshold of 40% of plants infested with at least one larva of any of three species of Lepidoptera attacking the crop coincided 94.7% of the time with a threshold of 0.25 cabbage looper equivalents per plant that was used in insecticide efficacy trials. A field evaluation of plots managed with a threshold of 40% of plants infested, or plots managed with a threshold of 0.25 cabbage looper equivalents per plant at one site in 1992, and three site's in 1993, resulted in mean numbers of applications of insecticides and yields that were similar. Plots managed at the threshold of 40% of plants infested, however, required 42% less time to sample, which would result in a significant cost reduction to the grower for crop scouting.

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, has drastically changed soybean pest management in the North Central region. To date, SBA can be successfully managed by timely scouting and foliar insecticides. Host plant resistance is the newest soybean aphid management tool and is complementary to existing chemical control. In 2015, we established plots at two Iowa State University Research Farms (Northeast and Northwest) on 27 May and 27 May, respectively. NK S25-E5 soybean variety was used for all the soybean aphid-susceptible treatments, and 28ARC5 soybean variety was used for the Rag2 -containing treatments. Plots were arranged in an RCB design with four replications. Each plot was six rows in width and 50 ft in length at the Northeast location and six rows in width by 44 ft in length at the Northwest location. Treatments containing …

Experiments were conducted to determine speed of action and toxicities of extracts of Tagetes minuta L., a source of naturally occurring insecticidal compounds. LC50 values for male and female Mexican bean weevils, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman), were determined for floral, foliar, and root extracts of T. minuta. The 24-h LC50 values ranged from 138 µg/cm2 for males exposed to the root extract (most susceptible) to 803 µg/cm2 for females exposed to the foliar extract (least susceptible). Increasing the duration of exposure to 48 h decreased all LC50 values 20-30 µg/cm2. Males were more susceptible than females. The time to incapacitation for 50% of the test insects (IT 50) for floral and foliar extracts indicated fast-acting, volatile components, whereas the root extract data indicated slower-acting components, likely a result of the interaction of photophase with timedependent efficacy. Floral and foliar extracts of T. minuta may be useful as insecticides for controlling stored-product pests.

The purpose of this test was to determine the effects of various pesticides on AMB, a vector of little cherry virus 2 (LChV2), a cause of little cherry disease in sweet cherry. This test was conducted in a mixed “Delicious” apple block with “Golden Delicious” pollinizers in the Washington State University Sunrise orchard near Rock Island, WA. The trial took place in an apple orchard due to heavy infestation of AMB, but materials and timings simulated those available for use on cherry. A RCB design was used to assign four replications of each of the nine treatments and an …

Mixed-sex 3- to 5-d-old adult house flies, Musca domestica (L.), were exposed in nonchoice, choice, and consumption tests to increasing levels of boric acid and polybor formulated in 10% sucrose to test for repellent effects. Results of nonchoice and choice tests suggested repellency to high levels of both borates. Consumption decreased at levels >2.25% boric acid and 3.0% polybor, with approximate intake of 0.102 and 0.161 mg of boron, respectively. Our results indicate that 2.25% boric acid and 3.0% polybor are optimal treatment levels.

The efficacy of cyproconazole seed treatments and foliar sprays for control of fusiform rust on loblolly pine seedlings was evaluated in greenhouse and nursery trials. At the nursery, the percentage of untreated seedlings that were galled at lifting was high (54%). No seedlings receiving cyproconazole at the lowest dosage foliar spray (4 sprays at 123.25 g ai/ha/application ) without the seed treatment, and only 0.1% of seedlings receiving only the seed treatment (1.25 g ai/kg seed), were galled Laboratory inoculations indicated that seed treatments with cyproconazole at 1.25 and 2.5 g ai/kg seed were effective for at least 20 and 30 days, respectively, and that foliar sprays of 185.0 or 246.5 g ai/ha were effective for 14 but not 21 days. Eleven months after sowing, mycorrhizal development in the nursery was similar among seedlings receiving approximately equal dosages of either cyproconazole or triadimefon. Seedling growth was not significantly different between control seedlings and those receiving the various dosages of cyproconazole. South J. Appl. For. 18(3): 101-104.