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For bats, when secondary sexual dimorphism is significant, females typically are larger than males. Moreover, in mammals, variation in the degree of sexual dimorphism often follows an allometric relationship whereby differences vary with body size (Rensch's rule). We examined sexual dimorphism across the New World clade of Myotis regarding species-specific and clade-wide patterns of body, cranium, and wing size, Rensch's rule and degree to which such morphological variation is related to phylogeny. Size differences were common with significant cases of both male-biased and female-biased sexual dimorphism. In more than half the cases, females were larger than males. Variation in degree of dimorphism exhibited an allometric pattern. Nonetheless, slope of the relationship between size and degree of dimorphism was no different from unity (i.e., isometry), failing to support Rensch's rule. There was a strong and significant relationship between phylogeny and morphological variation but not between phylogeny an...

We study the closed convex hull of various collections of Hilbert functions. Working over a standard graded polynomial ring with modules that are generated in degree zero, we describe the supporting hyperplanes and extreme rays for the cones generated by the Hilbert functions of all modules, all modules with bounded a-invariant, and all modules with bounded Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity. The first of these cones is infinite-dimensional and simplicial, the second is finite-dimensional but neither simplicial nor polyhedral, and the third is finite-dimensional and simplicial., Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures

There are two main pharmacological methods of suppressing undesired behaviour: sedation or neuroleptics. Traditionally, the invention of neuroleptics has been hailed as one of the major clinical breakthroughs of the twentieth century, since they calmed agitation without (necessarily) causing sedation. The specifically neuroleptic form of behavioural control is achieved by making patients psychologically Parkinsonian, which entails emotional blunting and consequent demotivation. Furthermore, chronic neuroleptic usage creates dependence, so that in the long term, neuroleptics are doing most patients more harm than good. The introduction of 'atypical' neuroleptics (neuroleptically-weak but strongly sedative neuroleptics) has made only a difference in degree, and at the cost of a wide range of potentially fatal metabolic and other side-effects. For half a century, the creation of millions of Parkinsonian patients may have been misinterpreted as a 'cure' for schizophrenia. Such a wholesale re-interpretation of neuroleptic therapy represents an unprecedented disaster for the self-image and public reputation of both psychiatry and the whole medical profession. Nonetheless, except as a last resort, neuroleptics should swiftly be replaced by gentler and safer sedatives.

Western musicians generally distinguish jazz from classical performances in part by observing that the former are improvised, while the latter are prepared and interpreted. They presuppose, therefore, that interpretation does not essentially involve improvisation. In this discussion, however, we shall argue that all musical performance, no matter how meticulously interpreted and no matter how specific the inscribed score, requires improvisation. Interpretation is the player's conceptual realization of the musical score in performance, and, by necessity, interpretation involves improvisation. We offer here an analysis of improvisation that will show how jazz and classical performers alike interpret their pieces and improvise in doing so. The jazz performer may do so to a greater extent; a classical performer may use it more restrictedly. We submit thatjazz and classical performances differ more in degree than in kind.

Palmar and fingerprints were taken from 70 patients with Darier's disease and 409 normal controls. The dermatoglyphic characteristics of each group were determined and comparisons were made between them. Dermatoglyphic abnormalities were found; some confirmed previous findings and some were novel, but they are too small in degree and frequency to be of use diagnostically.

We obtain lower bounds on the rank of the kappa ring of the Delign-Mumford compactification of the moduli space of curves in different degrees. For this purpose, we introduce a quotient of the kappa ring, the combinatorial kappa ring, and show that the rank of this latter ring in degree $d$ is bounded below by $|P(d,3g-2+n-d)|$ where $P(d,r)$ denotes the set of partitions of the positive integer $d$ into at most $r$ parts. In codimension 1 (i.e. $d=3g-4+n$) we show that the rank of the kappa ring is equal to $n-1$ for $g=1$, and is equal to $\lceil \frac{(n+1)(g+1)}{2}\rceil-1$ for $g>1$. Furthermore, in codimension $e=3g-3+n-d$, the rank of the kappa ring (as $g$ and $e$ remain fixed and $n$ grows large) is asymptotic to $\frac{{n+e\choose e}{g+e\choose e}}{(e+1)!}$., In the revised version a number of theorems describing the structure of the kappa ring in codimension one are added to the original submission. Moreover, a theorem describing the asymptotic behaviour of the rank of the combinatorial kappa ring is added in the revision

We contend that communication episodes tend to focus interactants’attention on one or the other of two relational judgments: dominance or affiliation. Further, when one judgment is relatively more salient, individuals will use the salient judgment as the basis for inferring other aspects of the relationship. To test that notion, a judgment study was conducted in which participants viewed a set of influence messages that varied in degree of dominance and explicitness. The influence context was chosen because it naturally highlighted dominance. After viewing the messages, participants provided ratings of dominance, explicitness, and two aspects of affiliation: liking and involvement. When the resulting data were submitted to a structural equation analysis, it was found that judgments of liking depended on judgments of explicitness and dominance. Judgments of involvement depended on judgments of liking and dominance. Both findings support the claim that one relational judgment may provide the basis for another.

What Beethoven indicated as Allegro in all its varieties-from Allegro moderato to Allegro molto vivace--covers a very wide range of tempi (69 to 216) and includes 21 types. The types in which the Allegro tempo is modified on the slow side by the indications moderato or ma non troppo (the two terms differ only in degree) I shall call "Cantabile Allegro," in order to convey that the prevailing tone of these pieces is thoroughly song-like.

We have assessed in normal subjects the validity of using hand heating to obtain "arterialized" venous blood by biochemical comparison of results for "arterialized" venous and true arterial (radial artery) blood samples. The heating regimen involved placing one hand in an air-heated box at 45-50 degrees C for 45 min. This method produced blood that was "arterialized" for lactate, PCO2, HbO2, and Hb but not for ammonia or PO2; it had no effect on determinations of pyruvate or glucose in plasma. Despite using a lower air temperature than previous workers, we observed thermal injury in one volunteer. Further, there was considerable between-subject variation in the effect of hand heating on blood gases. This suggests that blood gases should be measured in the "arterialized" samples at regular intervals from the start of hand heating in each patient to determine whether maximal "arterialization" has been achieved, to avoid making misleading biochemical measurements. Given the wide range in degree of observed "arterialization," we question the validity of this method.

A study has been made of the effect of varying the temperature between +60° and −25°C on the densification and low pressure compression of griseofulvin, sucrose and mixtures of the two powders. Densification and compression of the materials were facilitated as they were cooled in the range of homologous temperatures (ratio of the experimental temperature in°K to melting point of the material in°K) from 0·7 to 0·5. This was attributed to a reduction in the cohesive forces operating between the particles. Values are given for the activation energies of densification and compression derived by plotting the logarithms of these properties versus the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. For both materials and their mixtures the activation energies were in the range of about 1 to 10 kJ mol−1 showing that physical rather than chemical forces were operating between the particles.

The subject of my paper is Russell's account of memory in The Analysis of Mind.' His analysis focuses on a certain type of remembering, and comprises a number of elements. Firstly, the occurrence of memory-images; these images are attended by a feeling of familiarity, which prompts the memory-belief, and which explains how we can have varying degrees of confidence in different parts of the imagery, and hence can criticise the images-i.e. assess them as more or less accurate-even though the past experience from which they derive is no longer available for comparison (AM, pp. 161-2). The imagery can also be attended by a feeling of pastness, which can likewise vary in degree, and which at the fundamental level explains our ability to arrange remembered events in a temporal order (AM, pp. 162-3). Finally, there is the memory-belief: the content of this is provided in some way by the imagery, while Russell offers an analysis of belief as itself being a sort of feeling appropriately related to the content.

Blastospores of two strains (no. 19321 and no. 19273) of Candida albicans that were obtained from patients with vaginal thrush and were virulent for mice showed no significant difference in degree of resistance to phagocytosis by human and mouse phagocytes (mostly polymorphonuclear) compared with blastospores of two strains (no. 22114 and no. 21462) that were isolated from patients with transient candidemia and were attenuated for mice. In contrast, more blastospores of the virulent strains survived intracellularly than did those of the attenuated strains over a 2-hr period, after which the surviving blastospores began to form germ tubes. Heterogeneity in the populations of blastospores was suggested, because progeny from surviving blastospores of attenuated strain no. 22114 behaved similarly to virulent strains in tests with human and mouse phagocytes and in virulence tests in mice.

When 32P-labeled orthophosphate was fed to the larvae of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), the difference in retention of the label by the males and females made it possible to achieve 100% separation of the sexes during the pupal stage. When larvae of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), were fed similarly the separation was about 90% accurate. With the secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), there was no difference between the sexes. The difference in degree of separation was related to the size of the Malpighian tubules; the tubules of the adult female stable fly weighed 5 times more than the tubules of the male. The female tubules of the horn fly were only about twice as heavy as the male and there was a slight overlap in the range; and there was no distinct difference between the weight of tubules of male and female secondary screwworms.

1, 2-Dimethylhydrazine treatment induced multiple colon tumors in 100% of NMRI mice. Many of these tumors were transplanted and yielded five serially transplantable tumor lines. These subcutaneously transplanted neoplasms were all adenocarcinomas varying in degree of differentiation and mucin production. No evidence of dedifferentiation or change in growth rate has been seen in up to six transplant generations. These tumor lines appeared to provide relatively stable, well-differentiated models for colorectal cancer.

Summary Experiences in the investigation of human brucellosis during a 6-year period are described and the diagnostic value of the various simple laboratory procedures compared. Patients were divided into three groups on the results of the investigations. Patients in groups I and II showed serological evidence varying in degree, which indicated past infection or repeated exposure to infection. Patients in group III were those suffering from active infection during the investigations. The diagnosis, personal information, clinical features and progress of patients in group III are recorded in some detail. Individual case histories of seven veterinary surgeons are given.

Survival and diapause of F1 progeny of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), from reciprocal matings of populations from the southern fringe (Alabama), east coast (Maryland), and northern fringe (Minnesota) of the species' distribution in the United States were studied in field cages during the summers of 1968–69 in the heart (Ankeny, Iowa) and on the northern fringe (Morris, Minnesota) of the Corn Belt. A microsporidian, Perezia pyraustae Paillot, affects survival, particularly of F1 populations with Minnesota parentage. Also, at Morris, the development of the plant hosts relative to the development of the insects affected the survival of populations with Maryland parentage. A direct relationship existed between the number of tunnels produced in corn stalks and the survival of all populations of European corn borer. However, the tunnels per borer tended to increase with decreased survival or with increased incidence of diapause among survivors. Thus, the feeding habits of survivors or of that portion of the survivors that had been in diapause may have changed. The data on incidence of diapause suggest a genetic difference in degree of sensitivity to photophase and temperatures between the Alabama and Maryland populations and the Minnesota population. The greatest sensitivity was expressed by the progenies from reciprocal matings of Minnesota with Alabama and Maryland populations.

Previous work (9) on this problem led to the conclusion that a correlation existed between electrical conductivity of seed extracts and seed viability. With the broadening out of the work and an improvement in the method it was hoped that this conclusion would be still further substantiated. The studies here reported therefore deal with further investigations on this and related lines. Such work, based on permeability, must necessarily be far from complete in its elucidation, since we have as yet no precise knowledge of the phenomenon itself. That permeability exists in seeds is self-evident but no one has yet offered a plausible explanation. It has been known for some time that a definite relation exists between the permeability of the cell membrane and its injury (19), and it might readily be inferred that a variation in degree of permeability would be correlated with similar variations in degree of injury. The degree of permeability may be indicated by measuring the resistance of the solution in which the seeds have been immersed. Many tests have shown that dead seeds are more permeable than viable ones, so that one might naturally expect that a variation in permeability would be correlated with variations in germination. Thus, a series showing variations in germination in increments of two or three per cent., on the range of zero to one hundred, might be worked out. Obviously, this would be more desirable than merely to know that a seed is dead or is viable.

Part I of this report was concerned with the seasonal abundance and dispersal of the adult flies. Part II takes up the problem of fly breeding areas, their location and seasonal changes in degree of activity.

Responses of Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) parasites to height level, orientation, and population density the host were studied in the Piedmont Region of South Carolina. The variation in degree of parasitism and the influencing factors in this study were attributed to variation among plantations and between the height levels of the pine trees. The degree of parasitism of R. frustrana in the top whorl of the pine trees as compared with the lower level was significant at the 1% level. There was no significant difference in parasitism as a result of orientation, number of R. frustrana per pine tip, or the interactions produced by these factors.

The voles Microtus montanus, M. longicaudus, M. mexicanus , and M. pennsylvanicus occur in New Mexico and all reach their distributional limits in the general region. The four species differ in degree of ecological and geographic restriction and in amount of geographic variation. Degree of geographic variation seems to be positively correlated with degree of restriction and isolation. A possible case of character displacement resulting from competition of closely related species is discussed. Historical biogeographic factors possibly leading to the present situation are considered.

The inhibition of the peptic activity of human gastric secretion by undegraded and degraded carrageenans of similar sulphate content has been examined over the pH range 1.5–3.75. Inhibition by degraded carrageenan is constant throughout this range, but inhibition by undegraded carrageenan decreases between pH 2.5 and 3.25, when a lower level is established. The inhibition by both types of carrageenan is caused by substrate-inhibitor interaction. The differences in degree of inhibition and the effect of pH on the inhibition by undegraded carrageenan appear to originate in the differing natures of the substrate-inhibitor complexes formed by degraded and undegraded carrageenans.

A preliminary investigation of six species of Freycinetia from the Solomon Islands indicates that the anatomy of this genus is relatively uniform, and differs only in degree rather than fundamental distinction from that of Pandanus. The complex elaboration of stomata found in some species of Pandanus is not seen in Freycinetia; in the latter genus the elaboration, if any, involves only a few simple outgrowths from cells bordering the stomata, or extensions of the cuticle, whereas in some species of Pandanus well-developed branched papillae occur. The vascular bundles of both leaves and stems are strongly sheathed by thickened cells and the phloem is in two distinctive strands. The ovules of species of Freycinetia may provide characters useful taxonomically; the presence or absence, and orientation, of raphide bundles in the long funicles and the presence or absence and character of the strophiole appear to vary from species to species. Current work involving more species of Freycinetia from a wider area, together with Sararanga, may throw further light on the possible use of anatomical features as diagnostic aids.

Twenty-seven cultivars and 130 plant introductions of Cucurbita were evaluated in a series of field experiments for resistance to Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll). Distinct differences were detected in degree of pickleworm damage, and cultivars were grouped into 3 general categories—resistant, susceptible, and highly susceptible. The cultivars of G. moschata and C. maxima were more resistant to the pickleworm than those of C. pepo . Pickleworm damage to a resistant cultivar, Butternut, was greater in an isolated planting than in mixed plantings with more susceptible cultivars. However, when isolated plantings of Butternut and susceptible Summer Crookneck were compared, the magnitude of difference in degree of pickleworm damage was consistent with results for mixed plantings. Based on results obtained with plant-introduction accessions, it appears that Cucurbita introductions of foreign origin may serve as a source of resistant material. Pickleworm larvae made no significant distinction between a resistant and a susceptible cultivar in preference tests conducted in the laboratory.

SUMMARY. A man aged 22, exposed to 9-bromofluorene developed an extensive bullous eruption. A patch test with pure 9-bromofluorene in a healthy subject not previously exposed to this substance provoked a mild and transient reaction at 24 hr., but a severe reaction 9–10 days later. The delayed reaction was characterized histologically by intense epidermal hyperplasia, pseudoepitheliomatous in degree, and a dense cellular infiltrate in the upper dermis. These effects are discussed in relation to the reactions normally obtained in contact hypersensitivity.

The expressions "center of differentiation" and "differentiation area" have found frequent application in western North America because of the restriction of many geographic races of birds and other animals to small, well circumscribed regions. The implications are that these areas have been especially potent in causing local differentiation. Recognition of a center of this kind must, it would seem, rest upon several conditions. To begin with, if it is to have any general significance, one should be able to show that several geographic races of different species and genera focus in it. If the ranges of the races are not conterminous, they must have much ground in common, and should center about a common point or show the greatest development of their racial characters there. Obviously it is not enough to judge of the existence of such centers by the grouping of type localities. The range of each race must be well known and the possible variation in degree of its characters should be ascertained. The race may in fact be only a segment of an extensive cline and thus afford no evidence of a particular "center of differentiation" either in the sense of origin or accentuation of characters.

Induction of an atypical growth of cabbage roots under sterile conditions (8) by p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (POA) has led to a comparative study of typical and atypical growth. The atypical growth (tumor) is a massive tissue, as opposed to the thin, straight morphology of a normal root. The The words tumor or callus as applied to cabbage root growths are intended only as a convenient abbreviation of atypical growth. The material is not malignant, and therefore cannot be considered a true tumor. It differs greatly in degree of organization from the usual plant calluses. It is not as disorganized as the usual callus or tumor tissue culture, but is seen to consist of many abnormal lateral roots growing in a nondivergent, fasciated condition. Since this tissue can be grown under conditions identical with those of the normal roots from which it is derived, it becomes possible to compare the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the two. Aside from the descriptive interest of such a study, the information gathered might be pertinent to the mechanism of induction of the atypical growth, or to the causal relationships between the new biochemical activities and the new morphology. The purpose of the present work has been to compare tumorous roots of POA-treated plants with typical roots of untreated plants in regard to growth in tissue culture, dry weight, total nitrogen and protein content, and some respiratory characteristics ; and to compare the distribution of nitrogen and dry weight in entire treated and untreated seedlings.

In previous papers I have called attention to lysis in the gonococcus and have emphasized this phenomenon as being invariably present to a greater or less degree in artificial culture. This study was undertaken with the objects of ascertaining which factors bring about and influence the lytic changes?whether the process is due wholly to the action of enzymes, as is commonly maintained, or to other causes?and of obtaining a more intimate knowledge of the biochemistry of the organisms. This has seemed to me important in view of the practical value such observations might have in the problem of immunity. The material consisted of twenty-two strains of gonococcus isolated by me within the past year from cases of gonorrhea in men and young girls, in addition to several, including six strains of meningococcus, kindly given me by other workers. The question first to be considered was whether lysis might be due to conditions in the culture media, or to causes within the organisms themselves. Accordingly the strains were grown upon all media specially recommended for cultivating the gonococcus, with the result that all strains showed lysis upon all media,1 varying only in degree under conditions to be mentioned later. This fact being determined there remained to be shown what element of the media, common to all, initiated the lysis, on the assumption that the conditions of environment were alone responsible.

A new fluorimetric method for determining creatine in serum, blood, and urine is described. The method is based upon the coupling of guanidine compounds with ninhydrin in alkaline solution to produce highly fluorescent products. In degree of sensitivity and simplicity the method possesses several advantages over currently used colorimetric methods, and creatine can be determined in concentrations as low as 1.0 X 10-7M. The serum creatine concentration was found to be 0.41 mg.% in normal adult males, who excrete only small amounts of creatine in the urine.

The distribution of spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) egg masses on the tree’s vertical axis and certain needle characteristics at the oviposition site on the branch were examined. The sample trees, which varied in degree of defoliation, consisted of five balsam fir ( A bies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and two white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). A correlation was established between the number of egg masses and both branch size and location in the crown. The trends of the results were similar for each of the samples. The needle-characteristic study was made only on balsam fir. The side of the needle that faced a high density of adjacent needles was the preferred side for oviposition. The distance between the need les was also a factor responsible in part for selection of the oviposition site.

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) deficiency varies in degree from a mild condition scarcely recognizable, to a profound state resulting in death. In human beings, the latter condition is rarely seen except under extreme stress. One such case involving an infant is described. The analytical procedure used to determine the levels of Vitamin C in autopsy samples utilized a sensitive amino-bonded reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique. Several control cases were compared to determine average normal levels.

Abraham Monk, Ph.D., is Brookdale Professor of Gerontology, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, New York. Does social work have a distinctive confronting the prospect of these losses, purpose in regard to the aged? AssumIt is not easy to deal with an aware ing the answer is affirmative, does this ness of the impending losses that are purpose differ in degree rather than part of life and to establish a thread of substance from social work's purpose continuity with one's past and future vis-a-vis other age groups? At least ego identity. As suggested earlier, work three positions worthy of mention exist with the aged seems to be unique be in regard to these questions. cause it requires social workers to forge an image of their own old age and to

Investigations from 1958 through 1962 in a young apple orchard in Door County Wisconsin revealed that the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis • Schiffermuller), pupated primarily in twig nests which were constructed some distance from the larval feeding sites. Larvae were shown to complete their development sooner on Red Delicious than on Cortland. Bud development was not regarded as a primary contributing factor to these developmental differences.

Testimony before the Interstate Commerce Commission, 539. — "Scientific Management" to save railroads a million dollars a day, 539. — What is "Scientific Management?" — Its success in manufacturing establishments, 544. — Practically untried in railroad operation, 545. — Santa Fe experiments inconclusive, 546. — Differences between manufactories and railroads in extensive range of action (549). — Character of public service (550), and labor union influence, 553. — Progress of railroads in economical operation, 556. — Further progress possible by a more general adoption of best methods of best railroads, 559. — Difference between Scientific Management as a system and the best railroad methods not one in kind but in degree, 560.

The forms of trade-union grouping, 455. — Varying inter-relations of these forms in different periods, 456. — Dominance of the national union since 1897, 458. — I. Control over the local unions, 458. — Increase both in degree and extent, 459. — II. Control over the American Federation of Labor, 461. — Attempts to weaken this control, 464. — III. Control over the city federations, 465. — Rules regulating their composition, 469. — Rules regulating their activities, 471. — IV. Control over trades councils, 474. — Illustrated by building trades councils, 475. — Development of Building Trades Department, 476. — Rules regulating the activities of local councils, 476. — Inability of the Department to enforce its rules, 479.

T HE PROBLEM of measuring attitude change may be approached in various ways. One approach is that of measuring by scalogram analysis the change in degree of favorableness within a given attitude area. In using this approach, however, one must be certain that this change is one of degree, rather than of kind. It may be that during the intervening time period or treatment, the subjects have not simply become more or less favorable-they may have changed their definition of the issue. What was a unidimensional area may have become multidimensional or what was considered a matter of opinion may now be considered an established fact. These shifts may show that attitudes have changed, but it is not a change of degree within the same attitude. To measure a change in degree of favorableness, it would appear to be necessary that the attitude remain in the same continuum both before and after exposure to treatment. This requires that the same questions scale before and after treatment with the same category combinations. Unless the same scale is obtained before and after exposure, one should speak of changes in degree of favorableness with great caution.1 In a recent study of experimentally produced attitude change under the auspices of the Instructional Film Research Program at The Pennsylvania State University, the feasibility of this approach was investigated.