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Background There is little known about the dynamics of the infant virome and how it relates to healthy growth and development. This study will establish the baseline gut virome and observe dynamic changes in a cohort of infants from birth to 3 years old. We hypothesize that changes in the gut virome will impact growth and immune development. Methods One hundred and twenty-eight infants were enrolled in the Stanford’s Outcome Research in Kids (STORK) cohort prior to 36 weeks gestation. Stool samples were collected at an average of 90, 134, 162 days old/infant. Baseline data were collected at birth (height, weight, length, Apgar’s score, antibiotic use) and health surveys were collected weekly. Stool samples (n = 477) were extracted using the EZ1 Viral Kit (Qiagen). Libraries were prepared using the Nextera XT kit (Illumina) and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 on rapid mode (150/150 bp paired-end sequencing). Datasets were analyzed using SURPI; a bioinformatic pipeline for pathogen detection. Results A subset of the infants were tested (n = 27), 54% of which were male. The infants were 62% white, Hispanic, 26% white, non-Hispanic, 8% Asian, and 4% other. Seventy-five stool samples—sequenced at an average depth of 22 million reads—were analyzed from the 27 infants. Vertebrate viruses (42.8%) and phages (45.2%) represented the majority of the viral reads, while the other reads were invertebrate, plants or protozoa (12%). Virome abundance, richness, and diversity were 5.5e+04 species reads per million, 55.5 on the Chao Richness scale, and 1.45 on the Shannon Diversity Index respectively, with values increasing as the infants aged. The phage families most commonly identified were Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Siphoviridae. There were seven different human viral families observed: Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Reoviridae, and Anelloviridae. Five infants were documented to have cold symptoms within 7 days of sampling, they were found to have mastadenovirus C (1), mamastrovirus 1 (1), bocavirus (3). Three infants were documented to have caliciviruses (2) and adenovirus (1); however, no symptoms were reported. Conclusion This study will comprehensively characterize the development of the human virome and monitor its effect on growth and immune development. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

A new species of marabou, Leptoptilos lui sp. nov., is described on the basis of a cranium, distal humerus, and proximal phalanx of the major digit, from the Middle Pleistocene Jinniushan locality, Liaoning Province of northeastern China. Fossil crania of the genus Leptoptilos are rare, and that of the new bird is distinct from the crania of its extant relatives. The forelimb elements are the largest and most robust among living and fossil species of Leptoptilos and are characterized by autapomorphic characters. Leptoptilos lui, like the African Marabou Stork (L. crumeniferus), probably possessed a considerable flight capability and fed mainly on pieces of carrion torn from carcasses by other, sympatric large scavengers. The new stork aids in our understanding of the paleoecology and paleoenvironment of northeastern China in the Middle Pleistocene, helps us characterize the scavenger guild that fed on the Middle Pleistocene megafauna, and shows that the genus Leptoptilos, now restricted to the O...

Fossils of the genus Leptoptilos from the Pleistocene of Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia, belong to a new species of giant marabou stork, Leptoptilos robustus sp. nov. This giant bird, estimated at 1.80 m in length, was similar in dimensions to extant Leptoptilos dubius, except for the tibiotarsus. The thick cortical bone wall of the tibiotarsus and the estimated weight of 16 kg imply a reduced flight capability. Osteological and biometric characters suggest that L. robustus is most closely related to L. dubius. An evolutionary lineage is proposed in which a volant L. dubius-like ancestor in the Middle Pleistocene evolved into the Late Pleistocene L. robustus on Flores, with a concomitant reduction of the ability to fly and an increase in body size. The large body size and terrestrial lifestyle of L. robustus are responses to an unbalanced, insular environment with abundant prey items and a lack of mammalian carnivores, and emphasize the extraordinary nature of the Homo floresiensis fauna.

An analysis of historical patterns in the description of North East Atlantic Decapoda is presented. The discovery curve of decapods as a whole indicates that the decapod fauna of the NE Atlantic is well known, with two major peaks in species description rates being identifiable: 1808‐1830 and 1855‐1890, the latter corresponding to the era of the major oceanographic expeditions. On a sub- to infraordinal level, three major periods can be discerned. An early period (1758 ‐ mid 1880s) during which proportionally more Brachyura were described, followed by a shorter period (mid 1880s ‐ 1920 during which more attention was devoted to Anomura and less speciose taxa (mainly deep water). From the 1920s onwards, species descriptions of Caridea have achieved prominence. Size, ecological traits, extent of occurrence, and taxonomic fashion are thought to be responsible for the early bias towards Brachyura, whilst the anomuran and caridean phase are more related to field work techniques (deep water dredging in the former) and improved observational techniques. Following the Convention on Biological Diversity in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, much emphasis has been placed on biodiversity in the scientific literature and appropriate ways of censusing total biodiversity, including estimating the total number of species on earth. May (1990), Hamond (1992), and Stork (1993) outlined several methods for obtaining the answer to this question. Methods are either based on counting all species, extrapolations from known faunas, extrapolations from samples, extrapolations from description rates, methods using ecological criteria, and censusing taxonomists’ views. One of the most frequently used of these techniques is extrapolating past trends of discovery within particular groups. It is clear that past taxonomic effort has been disproportionally allocated to certain groups, with, for

The southern llanos of Venezuela are tropical wet savannas distinguished by a severe flood-drought alternation throughout the year. I analyzed the seasonal variation in use of habitat, foraging behavior and diet exhibited by the Wood Stork (Mycteria americana) in response to the changing conditions of this environment. With the beginning of the rainy season, streams and lagoons overflowed and inundated extensive marshes, which became the preferred foraging sites for storks. Amphibians and aquatic invertebrates proliferated in these flooded areas and accounted for half of the food consumed; the remaining half was composed of fish. The Wood Stork population was dispersed over the widely inundated area, and individuals foraged solitarily or in small groups. Groping and foot-stirring were the most common foraging behaviors. These patterns changed gradually with the cessation of rains. Shallow marshes dried up rapidly and became inadequate as feeding sites. Wood Storks then formed large foraging aggregations in the few ponds and lagoons that still kept water, where they foraged by groping together in close proximity. Fish accounted for more than 99% of the diet of Wood Storks during the dry season. n. Los llanos inundables de Venezuela son sabanas tropicales humedas caracterizadas por una marcada alternancia inundacion-sequia a lo largo del ano. Se analizaron las variaciones estacionales exhibidas por el Gaban (Mycteria americana) en cuanto a seleccion de habitat, comportamiento alimentario y dieta, como respuesta a las condiciones cambiantes del medio. Con la llegada de las primeras lluvias, los canos y lagunas se desbordaron inundando los esteros, que se convirtieron en los habitats mas frecuentados por los Gabanes. Los anfibios e invertebrados acuaticos proliferaban en estas areas inundadas y constituyeron la mitad de la dieta consumida, estando el resto compuesto por peces. La poblacion de Gabanes estaba dispersa y los individuos se alimentaban en solitario o en pequenos grupos. El tanteo y el pateo fueron las pautas de forrajeo mas utilizadas. Todos estos patrones cambiaron gradualmente con el cese de las lluvias. Los bajios y esteros se secaron rapidamente convirtiendose en lugares inadecuados para la alimentacion. Los Gabanes comenzaron entonces a formar grandes bandadas en los escasos prestamos y lagunas que todavia mantenian algo de agua, donde forrajeaban tanteando juntos en estrecha proximidad. Los peces representaron mas del 99% de la dieta consumida por los Gabanes durante la epoca de sequia.

The dilemma of preserving the parasite biodiversity of rare, endangered, or extinct hosts has been highlighted recently (Windsor 1990, 1995; Rozsa 1992; Stork & Lyal 1993). Host cxtinction also results in cocxtinction in nature of all associated hostspccific parasites. Further, visible ectoparasites often are removed purposely from rare or endangcred animlas with an aim towards increasing host fitness and survival. Because the number of parasitic species may be about four times that of free-living species on earth (May 1992), such practices could have dire consequences for parasite te biodiversity, which represents a significant proportion of total biodiversity. Negative human perception of parasites, in addition to the typically small size of the latter, has hindered the conservation of rare parasites and actually has decreased the abundance of certain species.

A new species is described and additional host records are presented for 2 other species of deutonymphs of the family Hypoderatidae from the subcutaneous adipose tissues of the wood stork, Mycteria americana L. Phalacrodectes (Phalacrodectes) mycteria n. sp. appears to share affinities with species from both pelicaniform and ciconiiform hosts, but it most closely resembles P. (P.) punctatissimus (Cerny) Pence & Courtney from pelicans in idiosomal chaetotaxy, cuticular sclerotization, and posteriorly divergent, widely separated genital openings. The new species differs from this and other species of the genus by its small size, the degree of separation of the genital openings with papillae, no secondary sclerotization in the perigenital area or surrounding the genital openings, and the long filiform setae s and w on genu III. There was a mixed infection of Neottialges kutzeri Fain and N. mycteriae Pence in all of 7 wood storks examined from Florida and Georgia ; P. (P.) mycteria was found in 4 of these hosts. This is the 7th species described as a deutonymph in the genus Phalacrodectes. The apparent close affinity of P. (P.) mycteria with P. (P.) punctatissimus and allied species from pelicaniform versus ciconiiform birds appears to be inconsistent with the established host-parasite relationships based on classical avian taxonomic relationships. However, this apparent affinity may be more reflective of the close relationships between the families of pelicans, ibises and spoonbills, and storks as recently proposed by DNA-DNA hybridization studies.

Data are presented on the Hemiptera fauna of a moderately large and topographically diverse area of tropical rain forest in Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia. Insects were sampled using several methods at several sites over a 1-year period. The numbers of described and undescribed species captured is used to predict the number of extant species of both Hemiptera and total insects in the world. The global estimates of 1.84–2.57 million species of insect are much lower than the 10–80 million predicted by Erwin and Stork from a study of tropical Coleoptera. The reasons for believing that the lower estimates are more reliable are discussed.

Ethological studies in the 1940s and 1950s, most notably those of Lorenz and Tinbergen, emphasized a historical perspective. By the 1970s, the notion that behavioral traits are too plastic to retain historical information became prevalent, and evolutionary approaches in behavioral studies were largely abandoned. However, several recent studies have demonstrated that behavioral characters are remarkably consistent with phylogenies obtained from other data and not particularly prone to homoplasy. In this study, I coded descriptions of courtship display behaviors in stork species (Aves: Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae) as a matrix of discrete characters. I mapped each behavioral character onto a phylogeny based on DNA-DNA hybridization distances to test the homology of individual characters. Generally, displays occurring early in courtship were congruent with phylogenetic relationships and showed little homoplasy, while displays occurring late in courtship were more homoplastic. I also performed a phylogenetic analysis of the behavioral data matrix using maximum parsimony. The strict consensus of the 24 most-parsimonious trees was congruent with the DNA-DNA hybridization tree in all nodes having greater than 70% bootstrap support.

Although it has a wide range in tropical South America, the Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) is poorly known. In an 11-yr study of its breeding biology in the llanos of Venezuela I found the mean clutch size for 3 yr to be 3.2 eggs. The young hatched asynchronously at 29-32 days and usually made their first flight at 60-72 days. Data on egg sizes, weights, and a probable dump egg are given. The weight and growth of two siblings, plumage succession, and nestling and fledgling behaviors are described. The fledging success of eggs from 55 nests, over 9 yr, was 61%. Loss of eggs (presumably from snake predation) was higher than nestling loss. Although the asynchronously hatched young in a clutch varied greatly in weight and continued this difference throughout nestling life, no case of brood reduction was found in 123 nests during the study. Nestlings were fed mainly frogs and tadpoles, fish, eels, and aquatic rats; food classes and food sizes brought by adults varied with the age of their young. Maguari Stork nestlings do not grasp with their hallux and so are confined to their nests until they can fly. I suggest that the two black plumages of nestlings, between the white hatching down and the white first basic plumage, are for crypsis of the nest-bound young. Received 29 August 1983, accepted 1 March 1984. THE Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari = Euxenura galeata) is found only in South America and is less widespread than the other two storks of the Western Hemisphere, the Wood Stork (Mycteria americana) and the Jabiru (Jabiru mycteria), both of which range farther to the north (Blake 1977). Although the three species are largely sympatric in South America, the wide ranges indicated on distributional maps are somewhat misleading, because these storks are ecologically restricted to tropical, low-elevation wetlands and adjacent nonforested areas. In Venezuela the three storks are found together in the interior of the country, a vast savanna called the llanos. Mayr and Amadon (1951) and Kahl (1971a) have suggested that this stork is closely related to the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia), and this paper gives a broader basis for a comparison of the young with those of the better known White Stork (Schiuz 1942, 1943, 1944; Haverschmidt 1949). The principal published information about the Maguari Stork is from 2 months of observations of nesting birds in Argentina (Kahl 1971b). For 11 yr I followed the seasonal breeding of all Maguari Storks on a ranch in the llanos of Venezuela. I give data on the eggs and on the asynchronously hatched young from the I Present address: 1 Wetsel Road, Troy, New York 12182 USA. day of hatching to the postfledging period. Perhaps because of abundant food on the study site, no incident of brood reduction was observed in 123 nests. The manner and size of food presented to the young and sibling growth data, however, suggest that brood reduction may not occur in this species or may be rare. Loss of eggs, presumably to snakes, was higher than nestling losses from all causes combined. One puzzling aspect of Maguari chick development is the succession of two different black plumages, between the white hatching down and the white first basic plumage (Humphrey and Parkes 1959) acquired at fledging. I suggest that the black plumages are for crypsis because of their timing and the fact that Maguari Stork nestlings, like adults, do not grasp with their hallux and thus cannot leave their nests to escape predators. STUDY SITE AND METHODS The study site (08?31'N, 67035'W) was a cattle ranch located roughly in the center of the Venezuelan Ilanos, about 45 km south of Calabozo in the state of Guarico. Troth (1979) provided an account of the vegetation of this ranch and Thomas (1979a) an annotated list of its bird species. The llanos are grassland savanna with scattered palms and clumps of other trees. During the rainy season (generally May to November) Maguari Storks nest, usually from June to October (Thomas in press), when much of the sa812 The Auk 101: 812-823. October 1984 This content downloaded from 40.77.167.14 on Tue, 20 Sep 2016 04:59:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms October 1984] Maguari Stork Nesting 813 TABLE 1. Maguari Stork hatching and fledging success.

The first announcement of stork remains from the fossil beds of California was made over twenty years ago (Miller, 1910). The remains were most limited and all came from one horizon of Pleistocene age, the asphalt of Rancho La Brea. At that time the excavations at the asphalt pits were thought to be about completed and there was little prospect of further specimens coming to light. Since then, more than one hundred thousand bird bones have been taken from the same deposit, while several thousand more have been taken from the other two Pleistocene asphalt beds, at McKittrick and Carpinteria. With this remarkable assemblage of material an anomalous situation has arisen with regard to certain species that have survived to the present time, that is, we turn to the fossil material to learn the variability of the species. The combined museums of the world could not supply the worker with one hundred tarsi of the present-day California Condor, yet in one museum, we have many times that number of specimens from the Pleistocene deposits of the State. The passerine birds and other small species of our contemporary fauna are represented in collections of cabinet skins by large series of individuals, but the osteologist is commonly expected to be content with an occasional skeleton or two. These are generally of the larger species and too often they are mounted or ligamental skeletons which serve as a mere source of irritation or a "cup of Tantalus", for all minute characters are concealed under ligamentous tissue. During the early study of California storks, one specimen each of Ciconia alba, Euxenura maguari (of authors = E. galeata), Mycteria americana, and Jabiru mycteria were available, and the fossil material was entirely too limited to give adequate indications of variability. Today, the situation is but little improved as to Recent skeletons, but Pleistocene material, though still comparatively rare, has become sufficiently abundant to make a re-survey of the situation warrantable. Comparative material was loaned by the American Museum of Natural History and by the United States National Museum. The Pleistocene storks at the Los Angeles Museum, the California Institute of Technology, the Museum of Natural History at Santa Barbara, and the Museum of Paleontology at Berkeley were all made available for study. To these several institutions and their courteous curators the author extends sincere thanks.

Studies of comparative behavior are particularly rewarding if all or most of the species in a group can be encompassed. The stork family (Ciconiidae) is well suited for such a study, for it contains only 17 living species (Peters 1931). In addition to elucidating the evolution of behavior patterns within the group, ethological data furnish clues to taxonomic relationships that may be obscure or ambiguous from morphological evidence alone. This paper reports on field studies of the behavior of the Blacknecked Stork (Xenorhynchus asiaticus) in Asia, the Saddlebill Stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis) in Africa, and the Jabiru Stork (Jabiru mycteria) in South America. It is the sixth contribution in this series of papers (Kahl 1966, 1972a,b,c, d), which have now covered all 17 species in the family. Other data on the breeding biology of Xenorhynchus, Ephippiorhynchus, and Jabiru were published in Kahl (1970, 1971a).

To increase our understanding of Pliocene local faunas of North America, several recent studies of fossil birds have been made from material collected by Claude W. Hibbard and his field parties from the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology. Ibises have been reported by Collins (1964), owls by Ford (1966) and Ford and Murray (1967), grebes by Murray (1967), a gallinule by Brodkorb (1967), crane and stork fossils by Feduccia (1967a), and a swallow by Feduccia (1967b). The fossil material has been recovered mainly from four localities: the Sawrock Canyon, Fox Canyon, and Rexroad local faunas from Kansas, and the Hagerman local fauna from Idaho. Birds reported previously from these localities include those studied by Wetmore (1944) and Tordoff (1951, 1959) from the Rexroad local fauna, and by Wetmore (1933) and Brodkorb (1958) from the Hagerman local fauna. The present study was undertaken to learn more about the rails from these local faunas. Rallus phillipsi Wetmore from Mohave County, Arizona, and Fulica infelix Brodkorb from Malheur County, Oregon, are included in the systematic list to complete the North American Pliocene rail fauna. During the course of this study, 46 Recent species representing 19 genera of rails were examined in the collections of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, the United States National Museum, and Pierce Brodkorb. The specimens examined included seven species of Rallus and five species of Porzana. The type humerus and some of the referred material of Rallus prenticei were loaned through the kindness of W. A. Clemens of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History and sent to me by Pierce Brodkorb who had them on loan. Several skins were examined to gain some idea of size where skeletal material was not available. The fossils examined are in the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology (UMMP) and the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History (KU). The classification of rails used is that of Peters' Check-list (1934).

Little detailed information on the reproductive biology, ecology, and behavior of the Jabiru Stork (Jabiru mycteria) and the Maguari Stork (Euxenura galeata) has been previously published. This report presents some of the results obtained during July-September 1969 in eastern and northeastern Argentina. These studies were part of a long-term investigation of the comparative behavior and ecology of all the stork species in the world.

the general area of that part of the Gulf Coastal Plain.” Freshwater conditions are certain because of the occurrence of catfishes, freshwater drum, gars, and sunfish (Swift 1968), and abundant frog material. The mammal fauna shows great diversity and probably indicates a concomitantly diverse habitat in the area. In addition, the occurrence of large tortoises (Geochelone and Gopho~us hexagon&a) certainly indicates at least milder winters than are known for south Texas todav. Lundelius ( 1972) felt also that the age structure of Tanup&& mhfica indicated seasonality of a climatic factor, perhaps rainfall. The Ingleside avifauna could be accounted for by the present-day ecological setting along the south Texas coast. Most of the species are known from the present-day south Texas fauna. It is difficult to assess the significance of the extinct stork Cico& m&ha, since modern s’ torks occur in a wide variety of habitats and areas of the world. In the present-day fauna of south Texas, there is one stork (Myctek americana) which occurs primarily in swamps, marshes, and ponds. The modem storks are typically warm climate, freshwater birds, but they may breed in more northern latitudes and migrate southward at the onset of cold. I wish to thank Ernest Lundelius for placing the Ingleside specimens at my disposal and Larry D. Martin for helping in the identification of some of the fossils. The fossils were identified by comparisons with skeletons from the collections of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas, and the collection of Pierce Brodkorb, the University of Florida. Pierce Brodkorb kindly criticized the manuscript.

prey. It uses an exceedingly rapid bill-snap reflex to capture prey, a technique that requires no sighting of the prey item (Kahl and Peacock 1963). Kahl (1964), working primarily in the Big Cypress Swamp of southern Florida, discovered that this technique was effective for feeding on fish densely concentrated in shrinking pools during the southern Florida dry season. Despite Kahl's study, little is known about the kinds of prey taken by Wood Storks, and nothing is known about prey taken in specific habitats. Kahl (1963, 1964) summarized existing information on Wood Stork food and reported the stomach contents of seven individuals from southern Florida. These in

Wood Storks (Mycteria americana) in the southeastern United States decreased from 10,000 breeding pairs in 1960 to 2,500-5,000 pairs in the late 1970s. The number of breeding pairs appeared to increase to 5,000-6,000 by the mid-1980s. Since the mid-1970s, the center of breeding in the southeastern United States has shifted north. Fewer birds have nested in the traditional southern Florida colonies, while the number of pairs nesting in northern Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina has been increasing annually. Storks nesting in the northern colonies appear to be reproductively more successful than those in the south, which may explain the increase in total numbers.

An 11-year study of the Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) in the llanos (flatlands) of Venezuela is reported. Stork behaviors are described in the following contexts: arrival flocks, roosting, pre-nesting social assemblies, nest site choice, nest building, copulation, nestling care and defense, adult feeding, sun and water bathing. The storks nested in bushes and short trees. Nesting was both colonial and solitary, and nest defense behaviors varied accordingly from mobbing to distraction display. Nesting success during three years was greater for colonial nesters (67%) than for solitary nesters (42%).